The capital city of Canada is Ottawa. The biggest city is Toronto.
- Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton, Hamilton, Winnipeg, Quebec City
Quebec-more than 95%population is French speaking. Montreal is the largest city in Quebec, it is the second largest city in Canada, around 3 mil people live there, and 80% of the population is French speaking (with old spelling) in Montreal. It was center of the fur trade-later became industrial and financial center. Old city in center is surrounded by modern architecture with skyscrapers. There is very large park in the middle of the city is very popular-it’s called Mont-royal Park. In winter people practice skiing and skating there. Interesting building is Olympic stadium that was built in 1976.
Quebec city is center of French speaking civilization of Canada. In the past it was retiqicaly=very important place. There is forticipation-it has shape of star it’s old city. There are many important buildings. We can find there the most famous hotel-Chateau Frontmac Hotel. Near the city we can find famous falls- Montmerency Falls are higher than Niagara Falls. Every year there is held an international festival of music and songs.
Flag
There is white square with red maple leaf in the center of the flag. On the both sides there are red stripes. This red color symbolizes the blood of people who died in WWI. The white color is a symbol of snow.
National Anthem is OH CANADA
The capital city of Canada is Ottawa. The biggest city is Toronto.
The capital city of Canada is Ottawa. The biggest city is Toronto.
- Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton, Hamilton, Winnipeg, Quebec City
Quebec-more than 95%population is French speaking. Montreal is the largest city in Quebec, it is the second largest city in Canada, around 3 mil people live there, and 80% of the population is French speaking (with old spelling) in Montreal. It was center of the fur trade-later became industrial and financial center. Old city in center is surrounded by modern architecture with skyscrapers. There is very large park in the middle of the city is very popular-it’s called Mont-royal Park. In winter people practice skiing and skating there. Interesting building is Olympic stadium that was built in 1976.
Quebec city is center of French speaking civilization of Canada. In the past it was retiqicaly=very important place. There is forticipation-it has shape of star it’s old city. There are many important buildings. We can find there the most famous hotel-Chateau Frontmac Hotel. Near the city we can find famous falls- Montmerency Falls are higher than Niagara Falls. Every year there is held an international festival of music and songs.
Flag
There is white square with red maple leaf in the center of the flag. On the both sides there are red stripes. This red color symbolizes the blood of people who died in WWI. The white color is a symbol of snow.
National Anthem is OH CANADA
- Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton, Hamilton, Winnipeg, Quebec City
Quebec-more than 95%population is French speaking. Montreal is the largest city in Quebec, it is the second largest city in Canada, around 3 mil people live there, and 80% of the population is French speaking (with old spelling) in Montreal. It was center of the fur trade-later became industrial and financial center. Old city in center is surrounded by modern architecture with skyscrapers. There is very large park in the middle of the city is very popular-it’s called Mont-royal Park. In winter people practice skiing and skating there. Interesting building is Olympic stadium that was built in 1976.
Quebec city is center of French speaking civilization of Canada. In the past it was retiqicaly=very important place. There is forticipation-it has shape of star it’s old city. There are many important buildings. We can find there the most famous hotel-Chateau Frontmac Hotel. Near the city we can find famous falls- Montmerency Falls are higher than Niagara Falls. Every year there is held an international festival of music and songs.
Flag
There is white square with red maple leaf in the center of the flag. On the both sides there are red stripes. This red color symbolizes the blood of people who died in WWI. The white color is a symbol of snow.
National Anthem is OH CANADA
Economy
Canada has vast natural resources. Most of the metallic minerals are found in the Shield region. The country is among the chief producers of zinc, lead, copper, gold, silver, asbestos, soft coal, and possesses rich fields of oil and natural gas. There is still a wealth of game in Canada and especially the fur-bearers are economically very important. Canada’s fishing grounds are extremely productive. Principal manufactures include foodstuffs, iron and steel, machinery, metal products, wood pulp, electricity and textiles. The chief Canadian exports are newsprint, paper, wood, wheat, beef, fish and minerals.
It's economy is based on agriculture. Agriculture is source of income-more than industry. Important industry-steel, chemical, building, motorcar, foodstuffs, machinery, wood industry, ships is built there. There is made paper, furniture. Canada is no. 1 producer of lumber, timber, paper and minerals. Production of wheat is for export, corn, tobacco, fruits (Great Lake region). Production of life stock, vegetable, dairy products and leather.
Official currency: Canadian dollar
It's economy is based on agriculture. Agriculture is source of income-more than industry. Important industry-steel, chemical, building, motorcar, foodstuffs, machinery, wood industry, ships is built there. There is made paper, furniture. Canada is no. 1 producer of lumber, timber, paper and minerals. Production of wheat is for export, corn, tobacco, fruits (Great Lake region). Production of life stock, vegetable, dairy products and leather.
Official currency: Canadian dollar
History
The original inhabitants came from Asia across Bering strait - it was land. America and Asia were connected 1000 years ago.
1.people came from Europe. There were Vikings.
2.people came from Europe too. It was ages of discoveries in 15th and 16th centuries. John Cabot explored Canada in 1457. Some sailors became to Canada-for example John Cabot from Italy, French sailor Jacque Cartier. Later many immigrants came there. Teeming population of fox, beaver, and bears-good for hunting-colony was founded (called New France). In 1767 France lost control over Canada-taken by British (1763 was war between French and British). Founded Upper and Lower Canada (now Quebec) for better control. English speaking people came during the time of American Revolution, because they didn’t agree with it. Canada was loyal to Great Britain. So there made 2 big provinces-
• 1. Upper Canada - land of Ontario province
• 2.Lower Canada - Now it’s Quebec.
=>They were united in 1800, and whole area was called Province of CANADA. Many immigrants came and economy rose. Growing wheat, wood->became rich. This area was occupied by England, France. Fear of USA->proclaimed as a Dominium of Canada 1867 (1st July). It is celebrated as Canada day. The French and the English came to Canada-mainly they wanted to make money because Canada had a lot of animals- foxes, bears, beavers. So their furs are very expensive. There are many forests-lumber industries and they are very important for economy.
The last province was joined to Canada in 1949. It is Newfoundland. The biggest province is Quebec-Quebec city-Population is mainly French speaking.
Canada is member of international organizations. OSN-united nation, the Commonwealth, NATO.
1.people came from Europe. There were Vikings.
2.people came from Europe too. It was ages of discoveries in 15th and 16th centuries. John Cabot explored Canada in 1457. Some sailors became to Canada-for example John Cabot from Italy, French sailor Jacque Cartier. Later many immigrants came there. Teeming population of fox, beaver, and bears-good for hunting-colony was founded (called New France). In 1767 France lost control over Canada-taken by British (1763 was war between French and British). Founded Upper and Lower Canada (now Quebec) for better control. English speaking people came during the time of American Revolution, because they didn’t agree with it. Canada was loyal to Great Britain. So there made 2 big provinces-
• 1. Upper Canada - land of Ontario province
• 2.Lower Canada - Now it’s Quebec.
=>They were united in 1800, and whole area was called Province of CANADA. Many immigrants came and economy rose. Growing wheat, wood->became rich. This area was occupied by England, France. Fear of USA->proclaimed as a Dominium of Canada 1867 (1st July). It is celebrated as Canada day. The French and the English came to Canada-mainly they wanted to make money because Canada had a lot of animals- foxes, bears, beavers. So their furs are very expensive. There are many forests-lumber industries and they are very important for economy.
The last province was joined to Canada in 1949. It is Newfoundland. The biggest province is Quebec-Quebec city-Population is mainly French speaking.
Canada is member of international organizations. OSN-united nation, the Commonwealth, NATO.
Cities and provinces
Maritime provinces: Nova Scotia, New Foundland, and New Brunswick, Prince Edward Islands-politic region.
Nova Scotia-economically the most successful province. Source of income is transport. Halifax-2nd largest natural harbor in the world.
New Brunswick-is the province where Arcadians still live. They celebrate Cajun festivals, such as Festival by The Sea
Prince Edward Island-is the most beautiful province. Major source of income is tourism. It became known for literature-Lucy Montgomery wrote the most famous Canadian novel "Anne from Green Gables". It was the last province to join Canada.
Central provinces include Quebec and Ontario.
Quebec is mainly French speaking. Originally it was called New France, it was the first French colony. 80% of its population are French speakers, the others are bilinguals. It tried to be separated, in the 60's there was a referendum but people decided to retain the union. Montreal is the largest city, Quebec City is the capital. The symbol of Quebec City is Chateaux Frontenac Hotel -it looks like a gothic castle. Montreal is famous for nightlife, it has many nightclubs. In 1967 it hosted Expo (100th anniversary of Dominion). In 1976 Montreal hosted the Olympic summer games-Olympic stadium is a symbol of the city. Festival of Renaissance and Middle Ages-actors come from all over the world and perform dramas of GB Show and Shakespeare. Snow and Ice sculpture exhibition.
Ontario-economically the most important province. You may find there Toronto, the largest city of Canada. Toronto is being called Modern Miracle - it has really high population but is safe and clean. CNN Tower=TV tower, Sky Dome-in which matches are played, stadium built of crystal, sports venue center, Hockey Hall of Fame-related to NHL. Toronto is home of University of Toronto-the best school in the country (Škvorecký became a professor there, teaches am. Literature and creative writing).
Prairie provinces: Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia
Manitoba is a province of lakes. Canada has 1/3 of fresh water sources in the word. Lake Agassia is known as the polar bear capital of the world.
In Alberta there's Dinosaurs provincial park-the largest foundation of dinosaur’s fesiles in the world. Calgary hosted the Olympic Winter Games. It's located in high mountains with great skiing condition (7 mouths of years), good for both downhill and cross-country skiing.
British Columbia-its largest city is Vancouver. It resembles Seattle, lies in the water, it doesn't offer many job opportunities
Saskatchewan is a swampy province
Nova Scotia-economically the most successful province. Source of income is transport. Halifax-2nd largest natural harbor in the world.
New Brunswick-is the province where Arcadians still live. They celebrate Cajun festivals, such as Festival by The Sea
Prince Edward Island-is the most beautiful province. Major source of income is tourism. It became known for literature-Lucy Montgomery wrote the most famous Canadian novel "Anne from Green Gables". It was the last province to join Canada.
Central provinces include Quebec and Ontario.
Quebec is mainly French speaking. Originally it was called New France, it was the first French colony. 80% of its population are French speakers, the others are bilinguals. It tried to be separated, in the 60's there was a referendum but people decided to retain the union. Montreal is the largest city, Quebec City is the capital. The symbol of Quebec City is Chateaux Frontenac Hotel -it looks like a gothic castle. Montreal is famous for nightlife, it has many nightclubs. In 1967 it hosted Expo (100th anniversary of Dominion). In 1976 Montreal hosted the Olympic summer games-Olympic stadium is a symbol of the city. Festival of Renaissance and Middle Ages-actors come from all over the world and perform dramas of GB Show and Shakespeare. Snow and Ice sculpture exhibition.
Ontario-economically the most important province. You may find there Toronto, the largest city of Canada. Toronto is being called Modern Miracle - it has really high population but is safe and clean. CNN Tower=TV tower, Sky Dome-in which matches are played, stadium built of crystal, sports venue center, Hockey Hall of Fame-related to NHL. Toronto is home of University of Toronto-the best school in the country (Škvorecký became a professor there, teaches am. Literature and creative writing).
Prairie provinces: Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia
Manitoba is a province of lakes. Canada has 1/3 of fresh water sources in the word. Lake Agassia is known as the polar bear capital of the world.
In Alberta there's Dinosaurs provincial park-the largest foundation of dinosaur’s fesiles in the world. Calgary hosted the Olympic Winter Games. It's located in high mountains with great skiing condition (7 mouths of years), good for both downhill and cross-country skiing.
British Columbia-its largest city is Vancouver. It resembles Seattle, lies in the water, it doesn't offer many job opportunities
Saskatchewan is a swampy province
Cities and provinces
Maritime provinces: Nova Scotia, New Foundland, and New Brunswick, Prince Edward Islands-politic region.
Nova Scotia-economically the most successful province. Source of income is transport. Halifax-2nd largest natural harbor in the world.
New Brunswick-is the province where Arcadians still live. They celebrate Cajun festivals, such as Festival by The Sea
Prince Edward Island-is the most beautiful province. Major source of income is tourism. It became known for literature-Lucy Montgomery wrote the most famous Canadian novel "Anne from Green Gables". It was the last province to join Canada.
Central provinces include Quebec and Ontario.
Quebec is mainly French speaking. Originally it was called New France, it was the first French colony. 80% of its population are French speakers, the others are bilinguals. It tried to be separated, in the 60's there was a referendum but people decided to retain the union. Montreal is the largest city, Quebec City is the capital. The symbol of Quebec City is Chateaux Frontenac Hotel -it looks like a gothic castle. Montreal is famous for nightlife, it has many nightclubs. In 1967 it hosted Expo (100th anniversary of Dominion). In 1976 Montreal hosted the Olympic summer games-Olympic stadium is a symbol of the city. Festival of Renaissance and Middle Ages-actors come from all over the world and perform dramas of GB Show and Shakespeare. Snow and Ice sculpture exhibition.
Ontario-economically the most important province. You may find there Toronto, the largest city of Canada. Toronto is being called Modern Miracle - it has really high population but is safe and clean. CNN Tower=TV tower, Sky Dome-in which matches are played, stadium built of crystal, sports venue center, Hockey Hall of Fame-related to NHL. Toronto is home of University of Toronto-the best school in the country (Škvorecký became a professor there, teaches am. Literature and creative writing).
Prairie provinces: Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia
Manitoba is a province of lakes. Canada has 1/3 of fresh water sources in the word. Lake Agassia is known as the polar bear capital of the world.
In Alberta there's Dinosaurs provincial park-the largest foundation of dinosaur’s fesiles in the world. Calgary hosted the Olympic Winter Games. It's located in high mountains with great skiing condition (7 mouths of years), good for both downhill and cross-country skiing.
British Columbia-its largest city is Vancouver. It resembles Seattle, lies in the water, it doesn't offer many job opportunities
Saskatchewan is a swampy province
Nova Scotia-economically the most successful province. Source of income is transport. Halifax-2nd largest natural harbor in the world.
New Brunswick-is the province where Arcadians still live. They celebrate Cajun festivals, such as Festival by The Sea
Prince Edward Island-is the most beautiful province. Major source of income is tourism. It became known for literature-Lucy Montgomery wrote the most famous Canadian novel "Anne from Green Gables". It was the last province to join Canada.
Central provinces include Quebec and Ontario.
Quebec is mainly French speaking. Originally it was called New France, it was the first French colony. 80% of its population are French speakers, the others are bilinguals. It tried to be separated, in the 60's there was a referendum but people decided to retain the union. Montreal is the largest city, Quebec City is the capital. The symbol of Quebec City is Chateaux Frontenac Hotel -it looks like a gothic castle. Montreal is famous for nightlife, it has many nightclubs. In 1967 it hosted Expo (100th anniversary of Dominion). In 1976 Montreal hosted the Olympic summer games-Olympic stadium is a symbol of the city. Festival of Renaissance and Middle Ages-actors come from all over the world and perform dramas of GB Show and Shakespeare. Snow and Ice sculpture exhibition.
Ontario-economically the most important province. You may find there Toronto, the largest city of Canada. Toronto is being called Modern Miracle - it has really high population but is safe and clean. CNN Tower=TV tower, Sky Dome-in which matches are played, stadium built of crystal, sports venue center, Hockey Hall of Fame-related to NHL. Toronto is home of University of Toronto-the best school in the country (Škvorecký became a professor there, teaches am. Literature and creative writing).
Prairie provinces: Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia
Manitoba is a province of lakes. Canada has 1/3 of fresh water sources in the word. Lake Agassia is known as the polar bear capital of the world.
In Alberta there's Dinosaurs provincial park-the largest foundation of dinosaur’s fesiles in the world. Calgary hosted the Olympic Winter Games. It's located in high mountains with great skiing condition (7 mouths of years), good for both downhill and cross-country skiing.
British Columbia-its largest city is Vancouver. It resembles Seattle, lies in the water, it doesn't offer many job opportunities
Saskatchewan is a swampy province
History
The original inhabitants came from Asia across Bering strait - it was land. America and Asia were connected 1000 years ago.
1.people came from Europe. There were Vikings.
2.people came from Europe too. It was ages of discoveries in 15th and 16th centuries. John Cabot explored Canada in 1457. Some sailors became to Canada-for example John Cabot from Italy, French sailor Jacque Cartier. Later many immigrants came there. Teeming population of fox, beaver, and bears-good for hunting-colony was founded (called New France). In 1767 France lost control over Canada-taken by British (1763 was war between French and British). Founded Upper and Lower Canada (now Quebec) for better control. English speaking people came during the time of American Revolution, because they didn’t agree with it. Canada was loyal to Great Britain. So there made 2 big provinces-
• 1. Upper Canada - land of Ontario province
• 2.Lower Canada - Now it’s Quebec.
=>They were united in 1800, and whole area was called Province of CANADA. Many immigrants came and economy rose. Growing wheat, wood->became rich. This area was occupied by England, France. Fear of USA->proclaimed as a Dominium of Canada 1867 (1st July). It is celebrated as Canada day. The French and the English came to Canada-mainly they wanted to make money because Canada had a lot of animals- foxes, bears, beavers. So their furs are very expensive. There are many forests-lumber industries and they are very important for economy.
The last province was joined to Canada in 1949. It is Newfoundland. The biggest province is Quebec-Quebec city-Population is mainly French speaking.
Canada is member of international organizations. OSN-united nation, the Commonwealth, NATO.
1.people came from Europe. There were Vikings.
2.people came from Europe too. It was ages of discoveries in 15th and 16th centuries. John Cabot explored Canada in 1457. Some sailors became to Canada-for example John Cabot from Italy, French sailor Jacque Cartier. Later many immigrants came there. Teeming population of fox, beaver, and bears-good for hunting-colony was founded (called New France). In 1767 France lost control over Canada-taken by British (1763 was war between French and British). Founded Upper and Lower Canada (now Quebec) for better control. English speaking people came during the time of American Revolution, because they didn’t agree with it. Canada was loyal to Great Britain. So there made 2 big provinces-
• 1. Upper Canada - land of Ontario province
• 2.Lower Canada - Now it’s Quebec.
=>They were united in 1800, and whole area was called Province of CANADA. Many immigrants came and economy rose. Growing wheat, wood->became rich. This area was occupied by England, France. Fear of USA->proclaimed as a Dominium of Canada 1867 (1st July). It is celebrated as Canada day. The French and the English came to Canada-mainly they wanted to make money because Canada had a lot of animals- foxes, bears, beavers. So their furs are very expensive. There are many forests-lumber industries and they are very important for economy.
The last province was joined to Canada in 1949. It is Newfoundland. The biggest province is Quebec-Quebec city-Population is mainly French speaking.
Canada is member of international organizations. OSN-united nation, the Commonwealth, NATO.
Economy
Canada has vast natural resources. Most of the metallic minerals are found in the Shield region. The country is among the chief producers of zinc, lead, copper, gold, silver, asbestos, soft coal, and possesses rich fields of oil and natural gas. There is still a wealth of game in Canada and especially the fur-bearers are economically very important. Canada’s fishing grounds are extremely productive. Principal manufactures include foodstuffs, iron and steel, machinery, metal products, wood pulp, electricity and textiles. The chief Canadian exports are newsprint, paper, wood, wheat, beef, fish and minerals.
It's economy is based on agriculture. Agriculture is source of income-more than industry. Important industry-steel, chemical, building, motorcar, foodstuffs, machinery, wood industry, ships is built there. There is made paper, furniture. Canada is no. 1 producer of lumber, timber, paper and minerals. Production of wheat is for export, corn, tobacco, fruits (Great Lake region). Production of life stock, vegetable, dairy products and leather.
Official currency: Canadian dollar
It's economy is based on agriculture. Agriculture is source of income-more than industry. Important industry-steel, chemical, building, motorcar, foodstuffs, machinery, wood industry, ships is built there. There is made paper, furniture. Canada is no. 1 producer of lumber, timber, paper and minerals. Production of wheat is for export, corn, tobacco, fruits (Great Lake region). Production of life stock, vegetable, dairy products and leather.
Official currency: Canadian dollar
Population
Population is about 28 mil inhabitants. Over 30% of population lives in three largest cities Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver.
The large areas with forests are not populated. People live in southern part. But in northern part of Canada there is less and less people. Half of the population is of British origin, almost one third is of French origin (French-speaking descendants of the original French colonists), there is 1% of Indians and Eskimos (also called Innuits=natives, hunters, fishermen, trappers) and there are German, Ukrainian, Scandinavian, Dutch, Polish and other minorities. Inuits make chilkat blankets-from cedar bark. Inuitian colors are red and green, they decorate houses, totem poles, bird-cage baskets-have a lid (for carrying fish).
Canada's official languages are English and French. They have equal status (a new law may make French the only official language of Quebec). Other European languages are also spoken in Canada - Greek, Italian, Chinese, German, because there are many immigrant families. The majority of immigrants prefer to learn English rather than French and to enroll their children in schools in which the language of instruction is English.
Canada has no official religion. The largest religious denomination is the Roman Catholic Church. Second is the United church of Canada and third is the Anglican Church. In addition, Canada has many Presbyterian, Lutheran, and Baptists church members. There is freedom of religion.
Most of Canada’s people live in the southern part of the country, in elongated, discontinuous belt of settlement parallel to the U.S.-Canada border. About 76% of Canada’s population is classified as urban, and 24% as rural. Canada is one of the world’s most sparsely populated nations, with very low density. This overall figure is misleading, however, and obscures the fact that nine-tenths of the country is virtually uninhabited and the population is concentrated in the other one-tenth. The most densely populated province is Prince Edward Island.
Each of the provinces and territories administers its own educational system. Schools are operated by local education authorities.
Dual system of education - there are schools for women Catholics and schools for Protestants. Other religions attend those schools but don’t have to attend religious classes. The best schools are in Ontario. The freedom from/of religion. University of Toronto is the best. In Quebec there’s McGill’s University (French). Education is compulsory until the age of 15 and is similar to American school system.
Society is multicultural, multiracial and antiracist. No. 1 in human developed index-extremely advanced in health, social programs (very developed society). Health services are the concern of the provincial governments, and all participate in the national insurance program.
The large areas with forests are not populated. People live in southern part. But in northern part of Canada there is less and less people. Half of the population is of British origin, almost one third is of French origin (French-speaking descendants of the original French colonists), there is 1% of Indians and Eskimos (also called Innuits=natives, hunters, fishermen, trappers) and there are German, Ukrainian, Scandinavian, Dutch, Polish and other minorities. Inuits make chilkat blankets-from cedar bark. Inuitian colors are red and green, they decorate houses, totem poles, bird-cage baskets-have a lid (for carrying fish).
Canada's official languages are English and French. They have equal status (a new law may make French the only official language of Quebec). Other European languages are also spoken in Canada - Greek, Italian, Chinese, German, because there are many immigrant families. The majority of immigrants prefer to learn English rather than French and to enroll their children in schools in which the language of instruction is English.
Canada has no official religion. The largest religious denomination is the Roman Catholic Church. Second is the United church of Canada and third is the Anglican Church. In addition, Canada has many Presbyterian, Lutheran, and Baptists church members. There is freedom of religion.
Most of Canada’s people live in the southern part of the country, in elongated, discontinuous belt of settlement parallel to the U.S.-Canada border. About 76% of Canada’s population is classified as urban, and 24% as rural. Canada is one of the world’s most sparsely populated nations, with very low density. This overall figure is misleading, however, and obscures the fact that nine-tenths of the country is virtually uninhabited and the population is concentrated in the other one-tenth. The most densely populated province is Prince Edward Island.
Each of the provinces and territories administers its own educational system. Schools are operated by local education authorities.
Dual system of education - there are schools for women Catholics and schools for Protestants. Other religions attend those schools but don’t have to attend religious classes. The best schools are in Ontario. The freedom from/of religion. University of Toronto is the best. In Quebec there’s McGill’s University (French). Education is compulsory until the age of 15 and is similar to American school system.
Society is multicultural, multiracial and antiracist. No. 1 in human developed index-extremely advanced in health, social programs (very developed society). Health services are the concern of the provincial governments, and all participate in the national insurance program.
Government and administrative
Canada is a federal dominion of ten provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan) and three territories (Northwest territories, Yukon, New territory) within the British Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II. is, as Queen of Canada, the head of the Canadian state. Her representative in Canada is the Governor-General. The ten provinces of Canada are united under a Federal Government, which controls matters concerning the country as a whole. Each province has a provincial government with a Lieutenant Governor at its head. The Yukon and Northwest Territories are governed by commissioners appointed by the federal Government. The Canadian Parliament consists of the Queen, the Senate (with 104 members=Senators are appointed by governor general. The prime minister-on the advice. And he is head of parliament (government)) and the House of Commons (with 282 elected members). National elections are held at least once every 5 years or whenever the majority party is voted down or calls an election. The leader of the political party with the largest number of seats in the House of Commons usually serves as prime minister.
Provincial legislative power, which extends to education, municipal affairs, direct taxation, and civil law, is vested in unicameral, elected legislatures known as legislative assemblies except in Newfoundland, where it is the House of Assembly, and Quebec, where it is the National Assembly.
The principal political parties are the Liberal party, Progressive Conservatives, the New Democratic party, the Social Credit party.
Provincial legislative power, which extends to education, municipal affairs, direct taxation, and civil law, is vested in unicameral, elected legislatures known as legislative assemblies except in Newfoundland, where it is the House of Assembly, and Quebec, where it is the National Assembly.
The principal political parties are the Liberal party, Progressive Conservatives, the New Democratic party, the Social Credit party.
Government and administrative
Canada is a federal dominion of ten provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan) and three territories (Northwest territories, Yukon, New territory) within the British Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II. is, as Queen of Canada, the head of the Canadian state. Her representative in Canada is the Governor-General. The ten provinces of Canada are united under a Federal Government, which controls matters concerning the country as a whole. Each province has a provincial government with a Lieutenant Governor at its head. The Yukon and Northwest Territories are governed by commissioners appointed by the federal Government. The Canadian Parliament consists of the Queen, the Senate (with 104 members=Senators are appointed by governor general. The prime minister-on the advice. And he is head of parliament (government)) and the House of Commons (with 282 elected members). National elections are held at least once every 5 years or whenever the majority party is voted down or calls an election. The leader of the political party with the largest number of seats in the House of Commons usually serves as prime minister.
Provincial legislative power, which extends to education, municipal affairs, direct taxation, and civil law, is vested in unicameral, elected legislatures known as legislative assemblies except in Newfoundland, where it is the House of Assembly, and Quebec, where it is the National Assembly.
The principal political parties are the Liberal party, Progressive Conservatives, the New Democratic party, the Social Credit party.
Provincial legislative power, which extends to education, municipal affairs, direct taxation, and civil law, is vested in unicameral, elected legislatures known as legislative assemblies except in Newfoundland, where it is the House of Assembly, and Quebec, where it is the National Assembly.
The principal political parties are the Liberal party, Progressive Conservatives, the New Democratic party, the Social Credit party.
Population
Population is about 28 mil inhabitants. Over 30% of population lives in three largest cities Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver.
The large areas with forests are not populated. People live in southern part. But in northern part of Canada there is less and less people. Half of the population is of British origin, almost one third is of French origin (French-speaking descendants of the original French colonists), there is 1% of Indians and Eskimos (also called Innuits=natives, hunters, fishermen, trappers) and there are German, Ukrainian, Scandinavian, Dutch, Polish and other minorities. Inuits make chilkat blankets-from cedar bark. Inuitian colors are red and green, they decorate houses, totem poles, bird-cage baskets-have a lid (for carrying fish).
Canada's official languages are English and French. They have equal status (a new law may make French the only official language of Quebec). Other European languages are also spoken in Canada - Greek, Italian, Chinese, German, because there are many immigrant families. The majority of immigrants prefer to learn English rather than French and to enroll their children in schools in which the language of instruction is English.
Canada has no official religion. The largest religious denomination is the Roman Catholic Church. Second is the United church of Canada and third is the Anglican Church. In addition, Canada has many Presbyterian, Lutheran, and Baptists church members. There is freedom of religion.
Most of Canada’s people live in the southern part of the country, in elongated, discontinuous belt of settlement parallel to the U.S.-Canada border. About 76% of Canada’s population is classified as urban, and 24% as rural. Canada is one of the world’s most sparsely populated nations, with very low density. This overall figure is misleading, however, and obscures the fact that nine-tenths of the country is virtually uninhabited and the population is concentrated in the other one-tenth. The most densely populated province is Prince Edward Island.
Each of the provinces and territories administers its own educational system. Schools are operated by local education authorities.
Dual system of education - there are schools for women Catholics and schools for Protestants. Other religions attend those schools but don’t have to attend religious classes. The best schools are in Ontario. The freedom from/of religion. University of Toronto is the best. In Quebec there’s McGill’s University (French). Education is compulsory until the age of 15 and is similar to American school system.
Society is multicultural, multiracial and antiracist. No. 1 in human developed index-extremely advanced in health, social programs (very developed society). Health services are the concern of the provincial governments, and all participate in the national insurance program.
The large areas with forests are not populated. People live in southern part. But in northern part of Canada there is less and less people. Half of the population is of British origin, almost one third is of French origin (French-speaking descendants of the original French colonists), there is 1% of Indians and Eskimos (also called Innuits=natives, hunters, fishermen, trappers) and there are German, Ukrainian, Scandinavian, Dutch, Polish and other minorities. Inuits make chilkat blankets-from cedar bark. Inuitian colors are red and green, they decorate houses, totem poles, bird-cage baskets-have a lid (for carrying fish).
Canada's official languages are English and French. They have equal status (a new law may make French the only official language of Quebec). Other European languages are also spoken in Canada - Greek, Italian, Chinese, German, because there are many immigrant families. The majority of immigrants prefer to learn English rather than French and to enroll their children in schools in which the language of instruction is English.
Canada has no official religion. The largest religious denomination is the Roman Catholic Church. Second is the United church of Canada and third is the Anglican Church. In addition, Canada has many Presbyterian, Lutheran, and Baptists church members. There is freedom of religion.
Most of Canada’s people live in the southern part of the country, in elongated, discontinuous belt of settlement parallel to the U.S.-Canada border. About 76% of Canada’s population is classified as urban, and 24% as rural. Canada is one of the world’s most sparsely populated nations, with very low density. This overall figure is misleading, however, and obscures the fact that nine-tenths of the country is virtually uninhabited and the population is concentrated in the other one-tenth. The most densely populated province is Prince Edward Island.
Each of the provinces and territories administers its own educational system. Schools are operated by local education authorities.
Dual system of education - there are schools for women Catholics and schools for Protestants. Other religions attend those schools but don’t have to attend religious classes. The best schools are in Ontario. The freedom from/of religion. University of Toronto is the best. In Quebec there’s McGill’s University (French). Education is compulsory until the age of 15 and is similar to American school system.
Society is multicultural, multiracial and antiracist. No. 1 in human developed index-extremely advanced in health, social programs (very developed society). Health services are the concern of the provincial governments, and all participate in the national insurance program.
CANADA
The name of this country came from Indian language from the word canata - this word is village or settlement. Indians live now mainly in territories in north Quebec.
Canada is situated in northern part of North America. There are many islands - New Foundland, Prince Edward Island, Vancouver. The area is about 10 000 000 square km - it is the second largest country in the world. Canada is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Arctic Ocean ino the north. Its neighbour are the USA - both in the south and in the west - because Alaska is a part of the USA. Geographically Canada can be divided into 5 major regions:
• The Appalachian region, most of which is forested, with farmland being concentrated in coastal New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. There are many mountains along the coast in this region. It's hilly woodland (wood, timber, lumber)
• The second region comprises the lowlands near the Great Lakes and the River St. Lawrence. The temperate climate (mild climate) and fertile soil make the area suitable for dairy farming and specialized crops, such as fruit and tobacco. Cheap hydroelectric power from the St. Lawrence waterway has helped to concentrate industrial development (=center of industry). The Lakes are connected together and create water system together with the St.Lawrence. Cattle are raised there. It’s the most important part and only industrial region - because power is cheap here. There is iron and steel industry, foodstuff i., machinery i.
• The Canadian Shield constitutes almost half of Canada. This horseshoe-shaped area of ancient rock, surrounding Hudson Bay, and stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arctic Ocean (very cold climate), is made up of rounded hills, a profusion of lakes and areas of swamps. Most of this region is unsuitable for agriculture but its richness lies in its forests and minerals (nickel, platinum, cobalt, uranium, gold, silver, copper and iron) -rich natural resources (oil, coal) and its waterpower. Part of it is forested; they take share in production of wood.
• West of the Shield lie the interior (central) plains. The southern part is known as the Prairies, which are the great Canadian wheat lands. (It is similar to Great Planes in the USA). The remainder of the area is largely forested. In the higher and rougher country cattle are raised. Barley and oats are grown as well. The northern part is very hilly.
• The Cordilleran region is a strip of mountainous terrain, which includes most of British Columbia, the Yukon Territory, Nunavat (established in 1999) and the islands off the west coast of Canada. The highest mountain in Canada is Mount Logan in Yukon Territory. This region doesn't almost have any inhabitants. It's ideal place for fishing and hunting. People hunt fur bearers - all animals hunted for fur (esp. grizzly).
Rivers and lakes
Canada has about one third of the world’s known fresh water areas. Part of 4 of the Great Lakes, namely Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, lie in Canadian territory. The St. Lawrence - Great Lakes waterway system carries shipping from the Atlantic Ocean to the center of Canada. The large lakes lying entirely in Canada include Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Lake Winnipeg and Athabasca. The longest Canadian river, the Mackenzie, flows into the Arctic Ocean. The Yukon, the Columbia, and the Fraser flow into the Pacific and the Saskatchewan, Churchill and Nelson Rivers flow into Hudson Bay.
Canada is situated in northern part of North America. There are many islands - New Foundland, Prince Edward Island, Vancouver. The area is about 10 000 000 square km - it is the second largest country in the world. Canada is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Arctic Ocean ino the north. Its neighbour are the USA - both in the south and in the west - because Alaska is a part of the USA. Geographically Canada can be divided into 5 major regions:
• The Appalachian region, most of which is forested, with farmland being concentrated in coastal New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. There are many mountains along the coast in this region. It's hilly woodland (wood, timber, lumber)
• The second region comprises the lowlands near the Great Lakes and the River St. Lawrence. The temperate climate (mild climate) and fertile soil make the area suitable for dairy farming and specialized crops, such as fruit and tobacco. Cheap hydroelectric power from the St. Lawrence waterway has helped to concentrate industrial development (=center of industry). The Lakes are connected together and create water system together with the St.Lawrence. Cattle are raised there. It’s the most important part and only industrial region - because power is cheap here. There is iron and steel industry, foodstuff i., machinery i.
• The Canadian Shield constitutes almost half of Canada. This horseshoe-shaped area of ancient rock, surrounding Hudson Bay, and stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arctic Ocean (very cold climate), is made up of rounded hills, a profusion of lakes and areas of swamps. Most of this region is unsuitable for agriculture but its richness lies in its forests and minerals (nickel, platinum, cobalt, uranium, gold, silver, copper and iron) -rich natural resources (oil, coal) and its waterpower. Part of it is forested; they take share in production of wood.
• West of the Shield lie the interior (central) plains. The southern part is known as the Prairies, which are the great Canadian wheat lands. (It is similar to Great Planes in the USA). The remainder of the area is largely forested. In the higher and rougher country cattle are raised. Barley and oats are grown as well. The northern part is very hilly.
• The Cordilleran region is a strip of mountainous terrain, which includes most of British Columbia, the Yukon Territory, Nunavat (established in 1999) and the islands off the west coast of Canada. The highest mountain in Canada is Mount Logan in Yukon Territory. This region doesn't almost have any inhabitants. It's ideal place for fishing and hunting. People hunt fur bearers - all animals hunted for fur (esp. grizzly).
Rivers and lakes
Canada has about one third of the world’s known fresh water areas. Part of 4 of the Great Lakes, namely Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, lie in Canadian territory. The St. Lawrence - Great Lakes waterway system carries shipping from the Atlantic Ocean to the center of Canada. The large lakes lying entirely in Canada include Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Lake Winnipeg and Athabasca. The longest Canadian river, the Mackenzie, flows into the Arctic Ocean. The Yukon, the Columbia, and the Fraser flow into the Pacific and the Saskatchewan, Churchill and Nelson Rivers flow into Hudson Bay.
Climate
Climate can divided into 3 belts.
• Sparsely settled northern areas have an arctic or tundra type of climate on the islands and northern coastal areas. Arctic climate is characterized by long, cold winters and no summer month.
• The vast transitional area-there is subarctic type of climate is between the frozen north and the settled south. Winters are similarly long and bitterly cold, but summers are warm enough to support vegetation growth
• South-The populated southern areas have a wide variety of temperate climate.
• The Pacific coastal areas have a temperate marine west coast type of climate, with cool summers and mild winters.
• The interior plains have a middle latitude steppe type of climate in the drier south and north more humid and extreme continental type of climate. There are winters not so mild and short summers.
• The Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Lowlands and the Appalachian Region have a more humid version of continental climate. Both areas have a long, cold winters, short warm summers.
Precipitation is heaviest in the west where moisture-laden winds from the Pacific Ocean are forced to rise over the mountainous coastal regions. Precipitation is the least in the Interior Plains. Except for the low-lying Pacific coast areas, winter precipitation throughout Canada is usually in the form of snow, and thick blankets of accumulated snow cover most of Canada east of the Rockies for 3 to 6 month of the year. Precipitation is generally light in the western areas of the arctic and sub arctic regions and heavier in northern Quebec and Labrador. Despite the low precipitation, snow covers the ground permanently for more than 6 months of every year.
• Sparsely settled northern areas have an arctic or tundra type of climate on the islands and northern coastal areas. Arctic climate is characterized by long, cold winters and no summer month.
• The vast transitional area-there is subarctic type of climate is between the frozen north and the settled south. Winters are similarly long and bitterly cold, but summers are warm enough to support vegetation growth
• South-The populated southern areas have a wide variety of temperate climate.
• The Pacific coastal areas have a temperate marine west coast type of climate, with cool summers and mild winters.
• The interior plains have a middle latitude steppe type of climate in the drier south and north more humid and extreme continental type of climate. There are winters not so mild and short summers.
• The Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Lowlands and the Appalachian Region have a more humid version of continental climate. Both areas have a long, cold winters, short warm summers.
Precipitation is heaviest in the west where moisture-laden winds from the Pacific Ocean are forced to rise over the mountainous coastal regions. Precipitation is the least in the Interior Plains. Except for the low-lying Pacific coast areas, winter precipitation throughout Canada is usually in the form of snow, and thick blankets of accumulated snow cover most of Canada east of the Rockies for 3 to 6 month of the year. Precipitation is generally light in the western areas of the arctic and sub arctic regions and heavier in northern Quebec and Labrador. Despite the low precipitation, snow covers the ground permanently for more than 6 months of every year.
Climate
Climate can divided into 3 belts.
• Sparsely settled northern areas have an arctic or tundra type of climate on the islands and northern coastal areas. Arctic climate is characterized by long, cold winters and no summer month.
• The vast transitional area-there is subarctic type of climate is between the frozen north and the settled south. Winters are similarly long and bitterly cold, but summers are warm enough to support vegetation growth
• South-The populated southern areas have a wide variety of temperate climate.
• The Pacific coastal areas have a temperate marine west coast type of climate, with cool summers and mild winters.
• The interior plains have a middle latitude steppe type of climate in the drier south and north more humid and extreme continental type of climate. There are winters not so mild and short summers.
• The Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Lowlands and the Appalachian Region have a more humid version of continental climate. Both areas have a long, cold winters, short warm summers.
Precipitation is heaviest in the west where moisture-laden winds from the Pacific Ocean are forced to rise over the mountainous coastal regions. Precipitation is the least in the Interior Plains. Except for the low-lying Pacific coast areas, winter precipitation throughout Canada is usually in the form of snow, and thick blankets of accumulated snow cover most of Canada east of the Rockies for 3 to 6 month of the year. Precipitation is generally light in the western areas of the arctic and sub arctic regions and heavier in northern Quebec and Labrador. Despite the low precipitation, snow covers the ground permanently for more than 6 months of every year.
• Sparsely settled northern areas have an arctic or tundra type of climate on the islands and northern coastal areas. Arctic climate is characterized by long, cold winters and no summer month.
• The vast transitional area-there is subarctic type of climate is between the frozen north and the settled south. Winters are similarly long and bitterly cold, but summers are warm enough to support vegetation growth
• South-The populated southern areas have a wide variety of temperate climate.
• The Pacific coastal areas have a temperate marine west coast type of climate, with cool summers and mild winters.
• The interior plains have a middle latitude steppe type of climate in the drier south and north more humid and extreme continental type of climate. There are winters not so mild and short summers.
• The Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Lowlands and the Appalachian Region have a more humid version of continental climate. Both areas have a long, cold winters, short warm summers.
Precipitation is heaviest in the west where moisture-laden winds from the Pacific Ocean are forced to rise over the mountainous coastal regions. Precipitation is the least in the Interior Plains. Except for the low-lying Pacific coast areas, winter precipitation throughout Canada is usually in the form of snow, and thick blankets of accumulated snow cover most of Canada east of the Rockies for 3 to 6 month of the year. Precipitation is generally light in the western areas of the arctic and sub arctic regions and heavier in northern Quebec and Labrador. Despite the low precipitation, snow covers the ground permanently for more than 6 months of every year.
CANADA
The name of this country came from Indian language from the word canata - this word is village or settlement. Indians live now mainly in territories in north Quebec.
Canada is situated in northern part of North America. There are many islands - New Foundland, Prince Edward Island, Vancouver. The area is about 10 000 000 square km - it is the second largest country in the world. Canada is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Arctic Ocean ino the north. Its neighbour are the USA - both in the south and in the west - because Alaska is a part of the USA. Geographically Canada can be divided into 5 major regions:
• The Appalachian region, most of which is forested, with farmland being concentrated in coastal New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. There are many mountains along the coast in this region. It's hilly woodland (wood, timber, lumber)
• The second region comprises the lowlands near the Great Lakes and the River St. Lawrence. The temperate climate (mild climate) and fertile soil make the area suitable for dairy farming and specialized crops, such as fruit and tobacco. Cheap hydroelectric power from the St. Lawrence waterway has helped to concentrate industrial development (=center of industry). The Lakes are connected together and create water system together with the St.Lawrence. Cattle are raised there. It’s the most important part and only industrial region - because power is cheap here. There is iron and steel industry, foodstuff i., machinery i.
• The Canadian Shield constitutes almost half of Canada. This horseshoe-shaped area of ancient rock, surrounding Hudson Bay, and stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arctic Ocean (very cold climate), is made up of rounded hills, a profusion of lakes and areas of swamps. Most of this region is unsuitable for agriculture but its richness lies in its forests and minerals (nickel, platinum, cobalt, uranium, gold, silver, copper and iron) -rich natural resources (oil, coal) and its waterpower. Part of it is forested; they take share in production of wood.
• West of the Shield lie the interior (central) plains. The southern part is known as the Prairies, which are the great Canadian wheat lands. (It is similar to Great Planes in the USA). The remainder of the area is largely forested. In the higher and rougher country cattle are raised. Barley and oats are grown as well. The northern part is very hilly.
• The Cordilleran region is a strip of mountainous terrain, which includes most of British Columbia, the Yukon Territory, Nunavat (established in 1999) and the islands off the west coast of Canada. The highest mountain in Canada is Mount Logan in Yukon Territory. This region doesn't almost have any inhabitants. It's ideal place for fishing and hunting. People hunt fur bearers - all animals hunted for fur (esp. grizzly).
Rivers and lakes
Canada has about one third of the world’s known fresh water areas. Part of 4 of the Great Lakes, namely Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, lie in Canadian territory. The St. Lawrence - Great Lakes waterway system carries shipping from the Atlantic Ocean to the center of Canada. The large lakes lying entirely in Canada include Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Lake Winnipeg and Athabasca. The longest Canadian river, the Mackenzie, flows into the Arctic Ocean. The Yukon, the Columbia, and the Fraser flow into the Pacific and the Saskatchewan, Churchill and Nelson Rivers flow into Hudson Bay.
Canada is situated in northern part of North America. There are many islands - New Foundland, Prince Edward Island, Vancouver. The area is about 10 000 000 square km - it is the second largest country in the world. Canada is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Arctic Ocean ino the north. Its neighbour are the USA - both in the south and in the west - because Alaska is a part of the USA. Geographically Canada can be divided into 5 major regions:
• The Appalachian region, most of which is forested, with farmland being concentrated in coastal New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. There are many mountains along the coast in this region. It's hilly woodland (wood, timber, lumber)
• The second region comprises the lowlands near the Great Lakes and the River St. Lawrence. The temperate climate (mild climate) and fertile soil make the area suitable for dairy farming and specialized crops, such as fruit and tobacco. Cheap hydroelectric power from the St. Lawrence waterway has helped to concentrate industrial development (=center of industry). The Lakes are connected together and create water system together with the St.Lawrence. Cattle are raised there. It’s the most important part and only industrial region - because power is cheap here. There is iron and steel industry, foodstuff i., machinery i.
• The Canadian Shield constitutes almost half of Canada. This horseshoe-shaped area of ancient rock, surrounding Hudson Bay, and stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arctic Ocean (very cold climate), is made up of rounded hills, a profusion of lakes and areas of swamps. Most of this region is unsuitable for agriculture but its richness lies in its forests and minerals (nickel, platinum, cobalt, uranium, gold, silver, copper and iron) -rich natural resources (oil, coal) and its waterpower. Part of it is forested; they take share in production of wood.
• West of the Shield lie the interior (central) plains. The southern part is known as the Prairies, which are the great Canadian wheat lands. (It is similar to Great Planes in the USA). The remainder of the area is largely forested. In the higher and rougher country cattle are raised. Barley and oats are grown as well. The northern part is very hilly.
• The Cordilleran region is a strip of mountainous terrain, which includes most of British Columbia, the Yukon Territory, Nunavat (established in 1999) and the islands off the west coast of Canada. The highest mountain in Canada is Mount Logan in Yukon Territory. This region doesn't almost have any inhabitants. It's ideal place for fishing and hunting. People hunt fur bearers - all animals hunted for fur (esp. grizzly).
Rivers and lakes
Canada has about one third of the world’s known fresh water areas. Part of 4 of the Great Lakes, namely Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, lie in Canadian territory. The St. Lawrence - Great Lakes waterway system carries shipping from the Atlantic Ocean to the center of Canada. The large lakes lying entirely in Canada include Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Lake Winnipeg and Athabasca. The longest Canadian river, the Mackenzie, flows into the Arctic Ocean. The Yukon, the Columbia, and the Fraser flow into the Pacific and the Saskatchewan, Churchill and Nelson Rivers flow into Hudson Bay.
General Certificate of Secondary Education-GCSE
At the age of 16, students must take a national exam called GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education). At this age, they take so called O-level (Ordinary level). It consists of 6 or 7 subjects. Students are awarded on a seven point scale, from A to G.
Students who pass this exam and wish to continue their studies usually choose to do A-levels (Advanced levels). They can study three main educational establishment - the sixth form of their school, a Sixth Form College (that provides better education and preparation for university studies), or a College of Further Education (which is specialized in vocational courses such as bussines and administration, tourism, industry and commerce...).
A-level exam is normally taken at the age of 18, after a two year period of full-time study. The exam is written, questions must be answered over a limited period of time. Cheating is severely punished. Students are informed on their results by letter about six weeks later.
Students specialize in two or three (or even four) related subjects, either humanities subjects, such as History, Geography, English, Economics, or science subjects, such as Maths, Biology, Chemistry or Physics. Students are marked on a seven point scale from A (the highest) to E, N (narrow failure) and U (unclassified).
Students who want to attend a university make their application. If the application is accepted, the university makes an offer It usually requires at least two A-level passes at a given grade, fo example at least two B grades and a C. If the student fails to get these grades, his of her application will most likely be rejected. A number of places available is limited so the students are in competition.
In 1989 a new exam called AS level (Advanced Supplementary level) was introduced. It allows students to study a wider range of subjects. The academic value of an AS-level is a half that of an A-level.
Before starting to study at the university, many students take a gap year, a year off. they do it in order to receive job experiences and to save up some extra money or they just need to take a break. Some of them decide to help on voluntary projects at home or overseas.
Students who pass this exam and wish to continue their studies usually choose to do A-levels (Advanced levels). They can study three main educational establishment - the sixth form of their school, a Sixth Form College (that provides better education and preparation for university studies), or a College of Further Education (which is specialized in vocational courses such as bussines and administration, tourism, industry and commerce...).
A-level exam is normally taken at the age of 18, after a two year period of full-time study. The exam is written, questions must be answered over a limited period of time. Cheating is severely punished. Students are informed on their results by letter about six weeks later.
Students specialize in two or three (or even four) related subjects, either humanities subjects, such as History, Geography, English, Economics, or science subjects, such as Maths, Biology, Chemistry or Physics. Students are marked on a seven point scale from A (the highest) to E, N (narrow failure) and U (unclassified).
Students who want to attend a university make their application. If the application is accepted, the university makes an offer It usually requires at least two A-level passes at a given grade, fo example at least two B grades and a C. If the student fails to get these grades, his of her application will most likely be rejected. A number of places available is limited so the students are in competition.
In 1989 a new exam called AS level (Advanced Supplementary level) was introduced. It allows students to study a wider range of subjects. The academic value of an AS-level is a half that of an A-level.
Before starting to study at the university, many students take a gap year, a year off. they do it in order to receive job experiences and to save up some extra money or they just need to take a break. Some of them decide to help on voluntary projects at home or overseas.
47 universities
In the UK there're 47 universities, polytechnics and other institutions. Students must pay tuition but according toi their parents' income, they may receive grants from Local Education Authority to cover their tuition and a part of their living expenses. Many students look for part time or holiday work, anyway.
Graduate courses are full-time and attendance of lectures, seminars and tutorials is compulsory. Students mast take exams during their studies and they are usually not allowed to re-take them if they fail.
Degree courses usually last three years. After the final exams, students are awarded the title of BA (Bachelor of Arts) or BSc (Bachelor of Science). after two more years, they may acquire the title of MA ( Master of Arts) of MSc (Master of Science). Then, after some research, PhD (Doctor of Philosophy).
The National Curriculum originated in The Education Reform Act accepted by the British government in 1989. It divides subjects into core subjects, foundation subjects and extra subjects.
• Core subjects are English, Maths, Science (it includes Biology, Physics, Chemistry)
• Foundation subjects are History, Geography, Technology, Music, Art, PE, Modern Language (French or German).
• Extra subjects are all electives (religion, civics, craft,...).
Graduate courses are full-time and attendance of lectures, seminars and tutorials is compulsory. Students mast take exams during their studies and they are usually not allowed to re-take them if they fail.
Degree courses usually last three years. After the final exams, students are awarded the title of BA (Bachelor of Arts) or BSc (Bachelor of Science). after two more years, they may acquire the title of MA ( Master of Arts) of MSc (Master of Science). Then, after some research, PhD (Doctor of Philosophy).
The National Curriculum originated in The Education Reform Act accepted by the British government in 1989. It divides subjects into core subjects, foundation subjects and extra subjects.
• Core subjects are English, Maths, Science (it includes Biology, Physics, Chemistry)
• Foundation subjects are History, Geography, Technology, Music, Art, PE, Modern Language (French or German).
• Extra subjects are all electives (religion, civics, craft,...).
47 universities
In the UK there're 47 universities, polytechnics and other institutions. Students must pay tuition but according toi their parents' income, they may receive grants from Local Education Authority to cover their tuition and a part of their living expenses. Many students look for part time or holiday work, anyway.
Graduate courses are full-time and attendance of lectures, seminars and tutorials is compulsory. Students mast take exams during their studies and they are usually not allowed to re-take them if they fail.
Degree courses usually last three years. After the final exams, students are awarded the title of BA (Bachelor of Arts) or BSc (Bachelor of Science). after two more years, they may acquire the title of MA ( Master of Arts) of MSc (Master of Science). Then, after some research, PhD (Doctor of Philosophy).
The National Curriculum originated in The Education Reform Act accepted by the British government in 1989. It divides subjects into core subjects, foundation subjects and extra subjects.
• Core subjects are English, Maths, Science (it includes Biology, Physics, Chemistry)
• Foundation subjects are History, Geography, Technology, Music, Art, PE, Modern Language (French or German).
• Extra subjects are all electives (religion, civics, craft,...).
Graduate courses are full-time and attendance of lectures, seminars and tutorials is compulsory. Students mast take exams during their studies and they are usually not allowed to re-take them if they fail.
Degree courses usually last three years. After the final exams, students are awarded the title of BA (Bachelor of Arts) or BSc (Bachelor of Science). after two more years, they may acquire the title of MA ( Master of Arts) of MSc (Master of Science). Then, after some research, PhD (Doctor of Philosophy).
The National Curriculum originated in The Education Reform Act accepted by the British government in 1989. It divides subjects into core subjects, foundation subjects and extra subjects.
• Core subjects are English, Maths, Science (it includes Biology, Physics, Chemistry)
• Foundation subjects are History, Geography, Technology, Music, Art, PE, Modern Language (French or German).
• Extra subjects are all electives (religion, civics, craft,...).
General Certificate of Secondary Education-GCSE
At the age of 16, students must take a national exam called GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education). At this age, they take so called O-level (Ordinary level). It consists of 6 or 7 subjects. Students are awarded on a seven point scale, from A to G.
Students who pass this exam and wish to continue their studies usually choose to do A-levels (Advanced levels). They can study three main educational establishment - the sixth form of their school, a Sixth Form College (that provides better education and preparation for university studies), or a College of Further Education (which is specialized in vocational courses such as bussines and administration, tourism, industry and commerce...).
A-level exam is normally taken at the age of 18, after a two year period of full-time study. The exam is written, questions must be answered over a limited period of time. Cheating is severely punished. Students are informed on their results by letter about six weeks later.
Students specialize in two or three (or even four) related subjects, either humanities subjects, such as History, Geography, English, Economics, or science subjects, such as Maths, Biology, Chemistry or Physics. Students are marked on a seven point scale from A (the highest) to E, N (narrow failure) and U (unclassified).
Students who want to attend a university make their application. If the application is accepted, the university makes an offer It usually requires at least two A-level passes at a given grade, fo example at least two B grades and a C. If the student fails to get these grades, his of her application will most likely be rejected. A number of places available is limited so the students are in competition.
In 1989 a new exam called AS level (Advanced Supplementary level) was introduced. It allows students to study a wider range of subjects. The academic value of an AS-level is a half that of an A-level.
Before starting to study at the university, many students take a gap year, a year off. they do it in order to receive job experiences and to save up some extra money or they just need to take a break. Some of them decide to help on voluntary projects at home or overseas.
Students who pass this exam and wish to continue their studies usually choose to do A-levels (Advanced levels). They can study three main educational establishment - the sixth form of their school, a Sixth Form College (that provides better education and preparation for university studies), or a College of Further Education (which is specialized in vocational courses such as bussines and administration, tourism, industry and commerce...).
A-level exam is normally taken at the age of 18, after a two year period of full-time study. The exam is written, questions must be answered over a limited period of time. Cheating is severely punished. Students are informed on their results by letter about six weeks later.
Students specialize in two or three (or even four) related subjects, either humanities subjects, such as History, Geography, English, Economics, or science subjects, such as Maths, Biology, Chemistry or Physics. Students are marked on a seven point scale from A (the highest) to E, N (narrow failure) and U (unclassified).
Students who want to attend a university make their application. If the application is accepted, the university makes an offer It usually requires at least two A-level passes at a given grade, fo example at least two B grades and a C. If the student fails to get these grades, his of her application will most likely be rejected. A number of places available is limited so the students are in competition.
In 1989 a new exam called AS level (Advanced Supplementary level) was introduced. It allows students to study a wider range of subjects. The academic value of an AS-level is a half that of an A-level.
Before starting to study at the university, many students take a gap year, a year off. they do it in order to receive job experiences and to save up some extra money or they just need to take a break. Some of them decide to help on voluntary projects at home or overseas.
In the UK, school year is divided into three terms
In the UK, school year is divided into three terms: autumn, spring and summer term. Between each two of them are holidays. Between autumn and spring term are 10-day Christmas holidays, between spring and summer term are 10-day Easter holidays and after summer term, before the next school year starts, are 6-week holidays. Halfterm is a 5-day holiday in the middle of each term. Many schools use it to organize trips, which are not compulsory.
At the end of each term, school sends a report to parens.
British pupils attending a comprehensive school have to be at school at 8:45 for registration where form tutor checks attendance. After registration most pupils go to assembly which usually lasts 15 minutes. The headteacher announces important information on organization of the day or on other problems. There's also a kind of religious worship where pupils sing hymns, say prayers or listen to readings from the Bible.
At 9:15, the lessons begin. Lessons usually last 55 minutes. A common timetable consists of two lessons before mid-morning break at 11:05. Pupils can spend this break in the playground or school yard or they can buy sweets and drinks in the school tuck shop. Then one more lesson before lunch at 12:25. Children can eat their lunch in the school canteen or have their own packed lunch. Children of parents on low income are entitled to free school meals. After lunch there are two more lessons before pupils go home at about 3:15.
Students can take part in extra curricular activities that are organized by school and are not compulsory. The most common extra curricular activities are school clubs, daily outings and field trips.
• Clubs are run by teachers outside normal school hours. They include interests such as drama, chess, sport, music...
• Daily outings are organized during school hours. A class may go to a local factory of an office to watch how it works. They also prepere questionaires and later they must report their findings back to the class.
• Field trips may be undertaken over weekly period. Students can gain a more practical knowledge related to subjects such as Geography, History or Biology.
Each school seeks for certain qualities in students, such as honesty, punctuality and courtesy. They must follow certain rules during school hours. Pupils who break the rules are punished by the teachers and in serious cases, they're sent to the headteacher. During breaktime, the corridors are supervised by teachers. Both minor and serious offences must be punished. Offence can be arriving late, not doing homework, cheating, playing truancy, not wearing a uniform, wearing jewellery and make-up, smoking, fighting, stealing, bullying or drug possession.
• At British public school a cane may be used as a punishment. At the other schools, corporal punishments are forbidden.
• Pupils can be in detention and write lines.
• They can also be on report - the pupil gives a report card to the teacher and he or she describes how the pupil behaved. It's then considered by pupil's form tutor or even headteacher.
• In case of serious effences, pupils may be temporary excluded from school and parents of him or her are invited to school for a serious talk., or even expelled (he has to choose another school)
At the end of each term, school sends a report to parens.
British pupils attending a comprehensive school have to be at school at 8:45 for registration where form tutor checks attendance. After registration most pupils go to assembly which usually lasts 15 minutes. The headteacher announces important information on organization of the day or on other problems. There's also a kind of religious worship where pupils sing hymns, say prayers or listen to readings from the Bible.
At 9:15, the lessons begin. Lessons usually last 55 minutes. A common timetable consists of two lessons before mid-morning break at 11:05. Pupils can spend this break in the playground or school yard or they can buy sweets and drinks in the school tuck shop. Then one more lesson before lunch at 12:25. Children can eat their lunch in the school canteen or have their own packed lunch. Children of parents on low income are entitled to free school meals. After lunch there are two more lessons before pupils go home at about 3:15.
Students can take part in extra curricular activities that are organized by school and are not compulsory. The most common extra curricular activities are school clubs, daily outings and field trips.
• Clubs are run by teachers outside normal school hours. They include interests such as drama, chess, sport, music...
• Daily outings are organized during school hours. A class may go to a local factory of an office to watch how it works. They also prepere questionaires and later they must report their findings back to the class.
• Field trips may be undertaken over weekly period. Students can gain a more practical knowledge related to subjects such as Geography, History or Biology.
Each school seeks for certain qualities in students, such as honesty, punctuality and courtesy. They must follow certain rules during school hours. Pupils who break the rules are punished by the teachers and in serious cases, they're sent to the headteacher. During breaktime, the corridors are supervised by teachers. Both minor and serious offences must be punished. Offence can be arriving late, not doing homework, cheating, playing truancy, not wearing a uniform, wearing jewellery and make-up, smoking, fighting, stealing, bullying or drug possession.
• At British public school a cane may be used as a punishment. At the other schools, corporal punishments are forbidden.
• Pupils can be in detention and write lines.
• They can also be on report - the pupil gives a report card to the teacher and he or she describes how the pupil behaved. It's then considered by pupil's form tutor or even headteacher.
• In case of serious effences, pupils may be temporary excluded from school and parents of him or her are invited to school for a serious talk., or even expelled (he has to choose another school)
In the UK, school year is divided into three terms
In the UK, school year is divided into three terms: autumn, spring and summer term. Between each two of them are holidays. Between autumn and spring term are 10-day Christmas holidays, between spring and summer term are 10-day Easter holidays and after summer term, before the next school year starts, are 6-week holidays. Halfterm is a 5-day holiday in the middle of each term. Many schools use it to organize trips, which are not compulsory.
At the end of each term, school sends a report to parens.
British pupils attending a comprehensive school have to be at school at 8:45 for registration where form tutor checks attendance. After registration most pupils go to assembly which usually lasts 15 minutes. The headteacher announces important information on organization of the day or on other problems. There's also a kind of religious worship where pupils sing hymns, say prayers or listen to readings from the Bible.
At 9:15, the lessons begin. Lessons usually last 55 minutes. A common timetable consists of two lessons before mid-morning break at 11:05. Pupils can spend this break in the playground or school yard or they can buy sweets and drinks in the school tuck shop. Then one more lesson before lunch at 12:25. Children can eat their lunch in the school canteen or have their own packed lunch. Children of parents on low income are entitled to free school meals. After lunch there are two more lessons before pupils go home at about 3:15.
Students can take part in extra curricular activities that are organized by school and are not compulsory. The most common extra curricular activities are school clubs, daily outings and field trips.
• Clubs are run by teachers outside normal school hours. They include interests such as drama, chess, sport, music...
• Daily outings are organized during school hours. A class may go to a local factory of an office to watch how it works. They also prepere questionaires and later they must report their findings back to the class.
• Field trips may be undertaken over weekly period. Students can gain a more practical knowledge related to subjects such as Geography, History or Biology.
Each school seeks for certain qualities in students, such as honesty, punctuality and courtesy. They must follow certain rules during school hours. Pupils who break the rules are punished by the teachers and in serious cases, they're sent to the headteacher. During breaktime, the corridors are supervised by teachers. Both minor and serious offences must be punished. Offence can be arriving late, not doing homework, cheating, playing truancy, not wearing a uniform, wearing jewellery and make-up, smoking, fighting, stealing, bullying or drug possession.
• At British public school a cane may be used as a punishment. At the other schools, corporal punishments are forbidden.
• Pupils can be in detention and write lines.
• They can also be on report - the pupil gives a report card to the teacher and he or she describes how the pupil behaved. It's then considered by pupil's form tutor or even headteacher.
• In case of serious effences, pupils may be temporary excluded from school and parents of him or her are invited to school for a serious talk., or even expelled (he has to choose another school)
At the end of each term, school sends a report to parens.
British pupils attending a comprehensive school have to be at school at 8:45 for registration where form tutor checks attendance. After registration most pupils go to assembly which usually lasts 15 minutes. The headteacher announces important information on organization of the day or on other problems. There's also a kind of religious worship where pupils sing hymns, say prayers or listen to readings from the Bible.
At 9:15, the lessons begin. Lessons usually last 55 minutes. A common timetable consists of two lessons before mid-morning break at 11:05. Pupils can spend this break in the playground or school yard or they can buy sweets and drinks in the school tuck shop. Then one more lesson before lunch at 12:25. Children can eat their lunch in the school canteen or have their own packed lunch. Children of parents on low income are entitled to free school meals. After lunch there are two more lessons before pupils go home at about 3:15.
Students can take part in extra curricular activities that are organized by school and are not compulsory. The most common extra curricular activities are school clubs, daily outings and field trips.
• Clubs are run by teachers outside normal school hours. They include interests such as drama, chess, sport, music...
• Daily outings are organized during school hours. A class may go to a local factory of an office to watch how it works. They also prepere questionaires and later they must report their findings back to the class.
• Field trips may be undertaken over weekly period. Students can gain a more practical knowledge related to subjects such as Geography, History or Biology.
Each school seeks for certain qualities in students, such as honesty, punctuality and courtesy. They must follow certain rules during school hours. Pupils who break the rules are punished by the teachers and in serious cases, they're sent to the headteacher. During breaktime, the corridors are supervised by teachers. Both minor and serious offences must be punished. Offence can be arriving late, not doing homework, cheating, playing truancy, not wearing a uniform, wearing jewellery and make-up, smoking, fighting, stealing, bullying or drug possession.
• At British public school a cane may be used as a punishment. At the other schools, corporal punishments are forbidden.
• Pupils can be in detention and write lines.
• They can also be on report - the pupil gives a report card to the teacher and he or she describes how the pupil behaved. It's then considered by pupil's form tutor or even headteacher.
• In case of serious effences, pupils may be temporary excluded from school and parents of him or her are invited to school for a serious talk., or even expelled (he has to choose another school)
There are three kinds of tertiary education
There are three kinds of tertiary education - university, college and community college. + technical training institute.
• University provides all three kinds of degrees - undergraduate programme, graduate programme and post graduate programme
• College - provides only one degree - Bachelor's degree
• Community College - provides vocational training and prepares for practical profession.
• Technical training institute - - II -
At the university, students usually study general course of Arts or Sciences and then choose a subject of and area, a major, they will specialize for the following two years.
The best and most prestigeous universities in the USA are called Ivy League. Ivy should remind us of the old British universities that were covered with ivy. Those are 8 universities located in the NE of the USA (Harvard, Yale, Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth College, Princeton, Pennsylvania). They are very expensive and selective. Excellent but poor students are entitled to scholarship. The most famous and the oldest university in the USA is Harvard University. It's situated in Massachusetts. It was founded by John Harvard in 1636 in the town of Cambridge. He was born in London.
The American universities have high academic reputation because they have excellent libraries and research facilities. But the problem is that they ask private foundations and federal government for financial support and therefore jeopardise their political and cultural autonomy.
There're also interest groups, so called sororities/fraternities. You must go through initiation rites and pay fees. Each of the societies has a name that consists of two or three Greek letters.
Nowadays, positive discrimination at the universities exists. They support minorities (black students and women). they were discriminated in the past. It lasted from 1898 when the Supreme Court ruled on segregation and segregated schools became constitutional. It lasted to 1954 when they made decision that segregated schools are unconstitutional. Since that time, the schools are integrated. (Elizabeth Eckford was the first black woman who attended Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The first woman at Harvard University started attending it in 1969 - before, women had had special college - Rattcliff College).
• University provides all three kinds of degrees - undergraduate programme, graduate programme and post graduate programme
• College - provides only one degree - Bachelor's degree
• Community College - provides vocational training and prepares for practical profession.
• Technical training institute - - II -
At the university, students usually study general course of Arts or Sciences and then choose a subject of and area, a major, they will specialize for the following two years.
The best and most prestigeous universities in the USA are called Ivy League. Ivy should remind us of the old British universities that were covered with ivy. Those are 8 universities located in the NE of the USA (Harvard, Yale, Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth College, Princeton, Pennsylvania). They are very expensive and selective. Excellent but poor students are entitled to scholarship. The most famous and the oldest university in the USA is Harvard University. It's situated in Massachusetts. It was founded by John Harvard in 1636 in the town of Cambridge. He was born in London.
The American universities have high academic reputation because they have excellent libraries and research facilities. But the problem is that they ask private foundations and federal government for financial support and therefore jeopardise their political and cultural autonomy.
There're also interest groups, so called sororities/fraternities. You must go through initiation rites and pay fees. Each of the societies has a name that consists of two or three Greek letters.
Nowadays, positive discrimination at the universities exists. They support minorities (black students and women). they were discriminated in the past. It lasted from 1898 when the Supreme Court ruled on segregation and segregated schools became constitutional. It lasted to 1954 when they made decision that segregated schools are unconstitutional. Since that time, the schools are integrated. (Elizabeth Eckford was the first black woman who attended Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The first woman at Harvard University started attending it in 1969 - before, women had had special college - Rattcliff College).
Education in Great Britain
Compulsory education in the UK starts at the age of 5 and ends at the age of 16.
There are three means of education in the UK. Pupils can attend either state schools, or independent (private) schools, or they can be educated in an alternative way.
Alternative education means that parents have the right to educate their chidren at home. Tehy don't need any teaching qualification. But they are under the control of Local Education Authority.
Independent (private) schools provide better education than state schools and students have therefore better job opportunities. That's why these schools are expensive. Students must pay fee so mainly children from very rich families attend them. These schools are situated mainly in England. They are also boarding schools (it means that students can live there). They are usually single-sex, not co-educational. The most famous schools are Eton, Harrow and Rugby. they have their system:
• 5-8 = pre-preparatory school
• 8-13 = preparatory school - it prepares students for Common Entrance Exam which is necessary to be passed if a pupil wants to attend public school
• 13-18 = public school
State schools are divided into levels according to a system. These schools are free and co-educational.
System A
• primary school, which has two levels, infant (5-7) where children learn reading, writing and basic maths, and junior (7-11) where other subject such as history, geography or science are added.
• secondary school (12-16/18, according to one's choice) can be divided into three types. Grammar schools are very selective, students must pass an entrance exam. They receive more academic education. Comprehensive schools are where most of children go. There are children with mixed abilities, bright as well as not gifted, from various social backgrounds. Secondary modern schools provide alternative education.
System B
• First school (5-8)
• Middle school (8-13)
• Secondary school (13-16/18)
There are three means of education in the UK. Pupils can attend either state schools, or independent (private) schools, or they can be educated in an alternative way.
Alternative education means that parents have the right to educate their chidren at home. Tehy don't need any teaching qualification. But they are under the control of Local Education Authority.
Independent (private) schools provide better education than state schools and students have therefore better job opportunities. That's why these schools are expensive. Students must pay fee so mainly children from very rich families attend them. These schools are situated mainly in England. They are also boarding schools (it means that students can live there). They are usually single-sex, not co-educational. The most famous schools are Eton, Harrow and Rugby. they have their system:
• 5-8 = pre-preparatory school
• 8-13 = preparatory school - it prepares students for Common Entrance Exam which is necessary to be passed if a pupil wants to attend public school
• 13-18 = public school
State schools are divided into levels according to a system. These schools are free and co-educational.
System A
• primary school, which has two levels, infant (5-7) where children learn reading, writing and basic maths, and junior (7-11) where other subject such as history, geography or science are added.
• secondary school (12-16/18, according to one's choice) can be divided into three types. Grammar schools are very selective, students must pass an entrance exam. They receive more academic education. Comprehensive schools are where most of children go. There are children with mixed abilities, bright as well as not gifted, from various social backgrounds. Secondary modern schools provide alternative education.
System B
• First school (5-8)
• Middle school (8-13)
• Secondary school (13-16/18)
Education in Great Britain
Compulsory education in the UK starts at the age of 5 and ends at the age of 16.
There are three means of education in the UK. Pupils can attend either state schools, or independent (private) schools, or they can be educated in an alternative way.
Alternative education means that parents have the right to educate their chidren at home. Tehy don't need any teaching qualification. But they are under the control of Local Education Authority.
Independent (private) schools provide better education than state schools and students have therefore better job opportunities. That's why these schools are expensive. Students must pay fee so mainly children from very rich families attend them. These schools are situated mainly in England. They are also boarding schools (it means that students can live there). They are usually single-sex, not co-educational. The most famous schools are Eton, Harrow and Rugby. they have their system:
• 5-8 = pre-preparatory school
• 8-13 = preparatory school - it prepares students for Common Entrance Exam which is necessary to be passed if a pupil wants to attend public school
• 13-18 = public school
State schools are divided into levels according to a system. These schools are free and co-educational.
System A
• primary school, which has two levels, infant (5-7) where children learn reading, writing and basic maths, and junior (7-11) where other subject such as history, geography or science are added.
• secondary school (12-16/18, according to one's choice) can be divided into three types. Grammar schools are very selective, students must pass an entrance exam. They receive more academic education. Comprehensive schools are where most of children go. There are children with mixed abilities, bright as well as not gifted, from various social backgrounds. Secondary modern schools provide alternative education.
System B
• First school (5-8)
• Middle school (8-13)
• Secondary school (13-16/18)
There are three means of education in the UK. Pupils can attend either state schools, or independent (private) schools, or they can be educated in an alternative way.
Alternative education means that parents have the right to educate their chidren at home. Tehy don't need any teaching qualification. But they are under the control of Local Education Authority.
Independent (private) schools provide better education than state schools and students have therefore better job opportunities. That's why these schools are expensive. Students must pay fee so mainly children from very rich families attend them. These schools are situated mainly in England. They are also boarding schools (it means that students can live there). They are usually single-sex, not co-educational. The most famous schools are Eton, Harrow and Rugby. they have their system:
• 5-8 = pre-preparatory school
• 8-13 = preparatory school - it prepares students for Common Entrance Exam which is necessary to be passed if a pupil wants to attend public school
• 13-18 = public school
State schools are divided into levels according to a system. These schools are free and co-educational.
System A
• primary school, which has two levels, infant (5-7) where children learn reading, writing and basic maths, and junior (7-11) where other subject such as history, geography or science are added.
• secondary school (12-16/18, according to one's choice) can be divided into three types. Grammar schools are very selective, students must pass an entrance exam. They receive more academic education. Comprehensive schools are where most of children go. There are children with mixed abilities, bright as well as not gifted, from various social backgrounds. Secondary modern schools provide alternative education.
System B
• First school (5-8)
• Middle school (8-13)
• Secondary school (13-16/18)
There are three kinds of tertiary education
There are three kinds of tertiary education - university, college and community college. + technical training institute.
• University provides all three kinds of degrees - undergraduate programme, graduate programme and post graduate programme
• College - provides only one degree - Bachelor's degree
• Community College - provides vocational training and prepares for practical profession.
• Technical training institute - - II -
At the university, students usually study general course of Arts or Sciences and then choose a subject of and area, a major, they will specialize for the following two years.
The best and most prestigeous universities in the USA are called Ivy League. Ivy should remind us of the old British universities that were covered with ivy. Those are 8 universities located in the NE of the USA (Harvard, Yale, Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth College, Princeton, Pennsylvania). They are very expensive and selective. Excellent but poor students are entitled to scholarship. The most famous and the oldest university in the USA is Harvard University. It's situated in Massachusetts. It was founded by John Harvard in 1636 in the town of Cambridge. He was born in London.
The American universities have high academic reputation because they have excellent libraries and research facilities. But the problem is that they ask private foundations and federal government for financial support and therefore jeopardise their political and cultural autonomy.
There're also interest groups, so called sororities/fraternities. You must go through initiation rites and pay fees. Each of the societies has a name that consists of two or three Greek letters.
Nowadays, positive discrimination at the universities exists. They support minorities (black students and women). they were discriminated in the past. It lasted from 1898 when the Supreme Court ruled on segregation and segregated schools became constitutional. It lasted to 1954 when they made decision that segregated schools are unconstitutional. Since that time, the schools are integrated. (Elizabeth Eckford was the first black woman who attended Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The first woman at Harvard University started attending it in 1969 - before, women had had special college - Rattcliff College).
• University provides all three kinds of degrees - undergraduate programme, graduate programme and post graduate programme
• College - provides only one degree - Bachelor's degree
• Community College - provides vocational training and prepares for practical profession.
• Technical training institute - - II -
At the university, students usually study general course of Arts or Sciences and then choose a subject of and area, a major, they will specialize for the following two years.
The best and most prestigeous universities in the USA are called Ivy League. Ivy should remind us of the old British universities that were covered with ivy. Those are 8 universities located in the NE of the USA (Harvard, Yale, Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth College, Princeton, Pennsylvania). They are very expensive and selective. Excellent but poor students are entitled to scholarship. The most famous and the oldest university in the USA is Harvard University. It's situated in Massachusetts. It was founded by John Harvard in 1636 in the town of Cambridge. He was born in London.
The American universities have high academic reputation because they have excellent libraries and research facilities. But the problem is that they ask private foundations and federal government for financial support and therefore jeopardise their political and cultural autonomy.
There're also interest groups, so called sororities/fraternities. You must go through initiation rites and pay fees. Each of the societies has a name that consists of two or three Greek letters.
Nowadays, positive discrimination at the universities exists. They support minorities (black students and women). they were discriminated in the past. It lasted from 1898 when the Supreme Court ruled on segregation and segregated schools became constitutional. It lasted to 1954 when they made decision that segregated schools are unconstitutional. Since that time, the schools are integrated. (Elizabeth Eckford was the first black woman who attended Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The first woman at Harvard University started attending it in 1969 - before, women had had special college - Rattcliff College).
Education in the USA
The education in the USA is a national concern, it means that it's very important. There's federal Department of Education. It donates money and it works as a resource, it means that it gets information and provides it to schools. But education is state responsibility. Each state decides on a system and certification of the teachers. The state divides it's area into school districts. In the US we can find 16 000 district. Education has local function because there're school boards in each district formed by elected citizens and the boards decide on curriculum and fund schools.
Education is compulsory from the age of 5 and it lasts for 13 years. Students finish at the age of 17 or 18. The state provides 13 years of free education to everyone, regardless of creed, color or class.
• K-grade - Kindergarten - it's a preparation for elementary school, children learn alfhabet.
• Elementary school - lasts 6 years and to each year we refer as a grade (from the 1st to the 6th grade). Children learn reading, writing and basic maths.
• Junior high school - (grades 7-8) - pupils have wider range of subjects
• Senior high school - (grades 9-12) - at one school there're many elective subject so that students can choose between compehensive education (provides academic education) and vocational courses (more practical).
Private schools (public) are often run by donors and many of them are parochial schools. They are expensive, select their students and school size and class size is limited.
State schools ( public schools) are funded of property taxes. They have many pupils at class and standards are quite low. They are funded of property taxes so the schools in poor area don't provide the same quality of education as schools in rich areas. Students of the state schools don't have to buy their own pens and exercise books. Books are loaned to them for the period of time required.
School in America normally begins at 8:30 or 9:00 and finishes at 3:30. Students in many schools are required to salute the flag before the lessons start. They stand up and put their right hand over their heart and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.
The school week lasts from Monday to Friday.
Students must follow certain rules during school hours. Pupils who break the rules are punished by the teachers and in serious cases, they're sent to the headteacher. During breaktime, the corridors are supervised by teachers. Both minor and serious offences must be punished. Offence can be arriving late, not doing homework, cheating, playing truancy, smoking, fighting, stealing, bullying or drug possession.
• Corporal punishments are forbidden.
• Pupils can be in detention and do standards.
• They can also be on report - the pupil gives a report card to the teacher and he or she describes how the pupil behaved. It's then considered by pupil's form tutor or even headteacher.
• In case of serious effences, pupils may be temporary suspended from school and parents of him or her are invited to school for a serious talk., or even suspended (he has to choose another school).
Education is compulsory from the age of 5 and it lasts for 13 years. Students finish at the age of 17 or 18. The state provides 13 years of free education to everyone, regardless of creed, color or class.
• K-grade - Kindergarten - it's a preparation for elementary school, children learn alfhabet.
• Elementary school - lasts 6 years and to each year we refer as a grade (from the 1st to the 6th grade). Children learn reading, writing and basic maths.
• Junior high school - (grades 7-8) - pupils have wider range of subjects
• Senior high school - (grades 9-12) - at one school there're many elective subject so that students can choose between compehensive education (provides academic education) and vocational courses (more practical).
Private schools (public) are often run by donors and many of them are parochial schools. They are expensive, select their students and school size and class size is limited.
State schools ( public schools) are funded of property taxes. They have many pupils at class and standards are quite low. They are funded of property taxes so the schools in poor area don't provide the same quality of education as schools in rich areas. Students of the state schools don't have to buy their own pens and exercise books. Books are loaned to them for the period of time required.
School in America normally begins at 8:30 or 9:00 and finishes at 3:30. Students in many schools are required to salute the flag before the lessons start. They stand up and put their right hand over their heart and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.
The school week lasts from Monday to Friday.
Students must follow certain rules during school hours. Pupils who break the rules are punished by the teachers and in serious cases, they're sent to the headteacher. During breaktime, the corridors are supervised by teachers. Both minor and serious offences must be punished. Offence can be arriving late, not doing homework, cheating, playing truancy, smoking, fighting, stealing, bullying or drug possession.
• Corporal punishments are forbidden.
• Pupils can be in detention and do standards.
• They can also be on report - the pupil gives a report card to the teacher and he or she describes how the pupil behaved. It's then considered by pupil's form tutor or even headteacher.
• In case of serious effences, pupils may be temporary suspended from school and parents of him or her are invited to school for a serious talk., or even suspended (he has to choose another school).
In America, basic core subjects
In America, basic core subjects in most high schools are English, Maths, Science, History and a foreign language, usually Spanish. Students can also choose from electives (optional subjects) such as journalism, music, drama, computer studies...
At high school, each grade corresponds to a certain cathegory. A student in 9th grade is called freshman, in 10th - sophomore, 11th - junior, 12th - senior
During their studies, students are awarded credits. They must obtain the minimum number of credits in order to get their high school diploma. Graduation is a public event. Students get diplomas. They wear gown (sleeveless coat) and top hat (ceremonial cap, square with a hanging tassel), both in navy blue.
In the spring, the prom is held. It's a formal occasion. The girls buy dresses and the boys rent tuxedos. The boy buys the girl a small bouquet of flowers that she wears around her wrist or her shoulder. The girl buys him a boutonniere, a flower worn in the buttonhole on the lapel of a jacket. During the evening, queen of the prom is voted.
If you want to be accepted at a university, you need
• Transcript - record of grades, you need good grades in their subjects. Grades vary between A (excellent) to D (passing grade) or F (failed) and each corresonds to a certain number of points. At the end of the studies, you receive GPA (Grade Point Average). They add grades and divide them by a number of subjects.
• SAT score and rating - Result of the standardized test - SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test). It's prepared by non-governmental organisation (the same that prepare TOEFL).
• Essay - written on life and interests, reasom why you chose the school and field of study
• LR's - letters of recommendation written by teachers.
• Extra curricular activities are taken into account. American high schools organize wide range of interscholastic competitions. They typically include bsketball, football, swimming, athletics. Sport is considered to encourage notions of teamwork, fair play and competitive spirit.
At high school, each grade corresponds to a certain cathegory. A student in 9th grade is called freshman, in 10th - sophomore, 11th - junior, 12th - senior
During their studies, students are awarded credits. They must obtain the minimum number of credits in order to get their high school diploma. Graduation is a public event. Students get diplomas. They wear gown (sleeveless coat) and top hat (ceremonial cap, square with a hanging tassel), both in navy blue.
In the spring, the prom is held. It's a formal occasion. The girls buy dresses and the boys rent tuxedos. The boy buys the girl a small bouquet of flowers that she wears around her wrist or her shoulder. The girl buys him a boutonniere, a flower worn in the buttonhole on the lapel of a jacket. During the evening, queen of the prom is voted.
If you want to be accepted at a university, you need
• Transcript - record of grades, you need good grades in their subjects. Grades vary between A (excellent) to D (passing grade) or F (failed) and each corresonds to a certain number of points. At the end of the studies, you receive GPA (Grade Point Average). They add grades and divide them by a number of subjects.
• SAT score and rating - Result of the standardized test - SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test). It's prepared by non-governmental organisation (the same that prepare TOEFL).
• Essay - written on life and interests, reasom why you chose the school and field of study
• LR's - letters of recommendation written by teachers.
• Extra curricular activities are taken into account. American high schools organize wide range of interscholastic competitions. They typically include bsketball, football, swimming, athletics. Sport is considered to encourage notions of teamwork, fair play and competitive spirit.
In America, basic core subjects
In America, basic core subjects in most high schools are English, Maths, Science, History and a foreign language, usually Spanish. Students can also choose from electives (optional subjects) such as journalism, music, drama, computer studies...
At high school, each grade corresponds to a certain cathegory. A student in 9th grade is called freshman, in 10th - sophomore, 11th - junior, 12th - senior
During their studies, students are awarded credits. They must obtain the minimum number of credits in order to get their high school diploma. Graduation is a public event. Students get diplomas. They wear gown (sleeveless coat) and top hat (ceremonial cap, square with a hanging tassel), both in navy blue.
In the spring, the prom is held. It's a formal occasion. The girls buy dresses and the boys rent tuxedos. The boy buys the girl a small bouquet of flowers that she wears around her wrist or her shoulder. The girl buys him a boutonniere, a flower worn in the buttonhole on the lapel of a jacket. During the evening, queen of the prom is voted.
If you want to be accepted at a university, you need
• Transcript - record of grades, you need good grades in their subjects. Grades vary between A (excellent) to D (passing grade) or F (failed) and each corresonds to a certain number of points. At the end of the studies, you receive GPA (Grade Point Average). They add grades and divide them by a number of subjects.
• SAT score and rating - Result of the standardized test - SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test). It's prepared by non-governmental organisation (the same that prepare TOEFL).
• Essay - written on life and interests, reasom why you chose the school and field of study
• LR's - letters of recommendation written by teachers.
• Extra curricular activities are taken into account. American high schools organize wide range of interscholastic competitions. They typically include bsketball, football, swimming, athletics. Sport is considered to encourage notions of teamwork, fair play and competitive spirit.
At high school, each grade corresponds to a certain cathegory. A student in 9th grade is called freshman, in 10th - sophomore, 11th - junior, 12th - senior
During their studies, students are awarded credits. They must obtain the minimum number of credits in order to get their high school diploma. Graduation is a public event. Students get diplomas. They wear gown (sleeveless coat) and top hat (ceremonial cap, square with a hanging tassel), both in navy blue.
In the spring, the prom is held. It's a formal occasion. The girls buy dresses and the boys rent tuxedos. The boy buys the girl a small bouquet of flowers that she wears around her wrist or her shoulder. The girl buys him a boutonniere, a flower worn in the buttonhole on the lapel of a jacket. During the evening, queen of the prom is voted.
If you want to be accepted at a university, you need
• Transcript - record of grades, you need good grades in their subjects. Grades vary between A (excellent) to D (passing grade) or F (failed) and each corresonds to a certain number of points. At the end of the studies, you receive GPA (Grade Point Average). They add grades and divide them by a number of subjects.
• SAT score and rating - Result of the standardized test - SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test). It's prepared by non-governmental organisation (the same that prepare TOEFL).
• Essay - written on life and interests, reasom why you chose the school and field of study
• LR's - letters of recommendation written by teachers.
• Extra curricular activities are taken into account. American high schools organize wide range of interscholastic competitions. They typically include bsketball, football, swimming, athletics. Sport is considered to encourage notions of teamwork, fair play and competitive spirit.
Education in the USA
The education in the USA is a national concern, it means that it's very important. There's federal Department of Education. It donates money and it works as a resource, it means that it gets information and provides it to schools. But education is state responsibility. Each state decides on a system and certification of the teachers. The state divides it's area into school districts. In the US we can find 16 000 district. Education has local function because there're school boards in each district formed by elected citizens and the boards decide on curriculum and fund schools.
Education is compulsory from the age of 5 and it lasts for 13 years. Students finish at the age of 17 or 18. The state provides 13 years of free education to everyone, regardless of creed, color or class.
• K-grade - Kindergarten - it's a preparation for elementary school, children learn alfhabet.
• Elementary school - lasts 6 years and to each year we refer as a grade (from the 1st to the 6th grade). Children learn reading, writing and basic maths.
• Junior high school - (grades 7-8) - pupils have wider range of subjects
• Senior high school - (grades 9-12) - at one school there're many elective subject so that students can choose between compehensive education (provides academic education) and vocational courses (more practical).
Private schools (public) are often run by donors and many of them are parochial schools. They are expensive, select their students and school size and class size is limited.
State schools ( public schools) are funded of property taxes. They have many pupils at class and standards are quite low. They are funded of property taxes so the schools in poor area don't provide the same quality of education as schools in rich areas. Students of the state schools don't have to buy their own pens and exercise books. Books are loaned to them for the period of time required.
School in America normally begins at 8:30 or 9:00 and finishes at 3:30. Students in many schools are required to salute the flag before the lessons start. They stand up and put their right hand over their heart and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.
The school week lasts from Monday to Friday.
Students must follow certain rules during school hours. Pupils who break the rules are punished by the teachers and in serious cases, they're sent to the headteacher. During breaktime, the corridors are supervised by teachers. Both minor and serious offences must be punished. Offence can be arriving late, not doing homework, cheating, playing truancy, smoking, fighting, stealing, bullying or drug possession.
• Corporal punishments are forbidden.
• Pupils can be in detention and do standards.
• They can also be on report - the pupil gives a report card to the teacher and he or she describes how the pupil behaved. It's then considered by pupil's form tutor or even headteacher.
• In case of serious effences, pupils may be temporary suspended from school and parents of him or her are invited to school for a serious talk., or even suspended (he has to choose another school).
Education is compulsory from the age of 5 and it lasts for 13 years. Students finish at the age of 17 or 18. The state provides 13 years of free education to everyone, regardless of creed, color or class.
• K-grade - Kindergarten - it's a preparation for elementary school, children learn alfhabet.
• Elementary school - lasts 6 years and to each year we refer as a grade (from the 1st to the 6th grade). Children learn reading, writing and basic maths.
• Junior high school - (grades 7-8) - pupils have wider range of subjects
• Senior high school - (grades 9-12) - at one school there're many elective subject so that students can choose between compehensive education (provides academic education) and vocational courses (more practical).
Private schools (public) are often run by donors and many of them are parochial schools. They are expensive, select their students and school size and class size is limited.
State schools ( public schools) are funded of property taxes. They have many pupils at class and standards are quite low. They are funded of property taxes so the schools in poor area don't provide the same quality of education as schools in rich areas. Students of the state schools don't have to buy their own pens and exercise books. Books are loaned to them for the period of time required.
School in America normally begins at 8:30 or 9:00 and finishes at 3:30. Students in many schools are required to salute the flag before the lessons start. They stand up and put their right hand over their heart and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.
The school week lasts from Monday to Friday.
Students must follow certain rules during school hours. Pupils who break the rules are punished by the teachers and in serious cases, they're sent to the headteacher. During breaktime, the corridors are supervised by teachers. Both minor and serious offences must be punished. Offence can be arriving late, not doing homework, cheating, playing truancy, smoking, fighting, stealing, bullying or drug possession.
• Corporal punishments are forbidden.
• Pupils can be in detention and do standards.
• They can also be on report - the pupil gives a report card to the teacher and he or she describes how the pupil behaved. It's then considered by pupil's form tutor or even headteacher.
• In case of serious effences, pupils may be temporary suspended from school and parents of him or her are invited to school for a serious talk., or even suspended (he has to choose another school).
Water pollution
Water pollution results from harmful industrial processes and households, from pesticides, fertilizers and other chemicals used in agriculture, from waste disposal sites, substandard sewage treatment plants and also from ships, oil wells and rigs. Also concentrations of heavy metals, such as mercury, cadmium, lead, or copper are increasing.
If we want to have claener waterways, some measures must be taken.
• discharges to watershould be controlled
• the number of sewage treatment plants should be increased
• we should find new technologies which would
• save water
• reduce the amount of chemicals
• develop environmentally friendly pesticides
• pollution occuring from waste silage effluent or slurry, leaking and enterng watercourses, should be minimized or stopped. To prevent nitrate from leaching into water, farmers can grow "green cover" crops in the autumn to take up residual nitrogen.
• oil discharges and dumping of land-generated waste should be controlled
• chemical spills from ships at sea must be dealt with by chemical dispersants spread onto it from specially equiped aircrafts.
Soil
If we want to have claener waterways, some measures must be taken.
• discharges to watershould be controlled
• the number of sewage treatment plants should be increased
• we should find new technologies which would
• save water
• reduce the amount of chemicals
• develop environmentally friendly pesticides
• pollution occuring from waste silage effluent or slurry, leaking and enterng watercourses, should be minimized or stopped. To prevent nitrate from leaching into water, farmers can grow "green cover" crops in the autumn to take up residual nitrogen.
• oil discharges and dumping of land-generated waste should be controlled
• chemical spills from ships at sea must be dealt with by chemical dispersants spread onto it from specially equiped aircrafts.
Soil
Soil
Soil can become contamined as a result of industrial waste. Much domestic rubbish is disposed of in landfills. Waste disposal should should be controlled and maintained properly. Waste can be reduced in a few ways:
• before the waste is landfilled, it can be shredded or compressed in order to reduce its volume
• landfill can be avoided by
• re-using
• recycling
• energy recovery
A great deal of industrial waste has been reclaimed. Not only bottle bins or containers, but also can,
plastic and paper containers should be installed where the public can deposit used glass, cans, plastic
and waste paper for recycling.
• domestic rubbish should be sorted out, too. Kitchen garbage and garden waste of organic origin should be composted and turned into fertilizer
• Organic waste in landfills can be re-used in the form of biogas which comes from natural decay
• People shouldn't litter and the law should be stricter to those who break the rule.
Land can be also contaminated by radioactive substances. More than 80% of radiation the public is exposed to comes from natural sources. Only about a thousandthcomes from the disposal or discharge of radioactive waste.
• Strict controlls should be placed over the storage, use and disposal of radioactive substances
• Spent nuclear fuel should be stored in concrete blocks for at least 50 years to allow the heat and radioactivity to decay.
• People should be aware of naturally occurng radon gas.
• before the waste is landfilled, it can be shredded or compressed in order to reduce its volume
• landfill can be avoided by
• re-using
• recycling
• energy recovery
A great deal of industrial waste has been reclaimed. Not only bottle bins or containers, but also can,
plastic and paper containers should be installed where the public can deposit used glass, cans, plastic
and waste paper for recycling.
• domestic rubbish should be sorted out, too. Kitchen garbage and garden waste of organic origin should be composted and turned into fertilizer
• Organic waste in landfills can be re-used in the form of biogas which comes from natural decay
• People shouldn't litter and the law should be stricter to those who break the rule.
Land can be also contaminated by radioactive substances. More than 80% of radiation the public is exposed to comes from natural sources. Only about a thousandthcomes from the disposal or discharge of radioactive waste.
• Strict controlls should be placed over the storage, use and disposal of radioactive substances
• Spent nuclear fuel should be stored in concrete blocks for at least 50 years to allow the heat and radioactivity to decay.
• People should be aware of naturally occurng radon gas.
Noise
Noise poses a considerable problem. It results in stress, lack of concentration, defective hearing or sleeplessness. To avoid it,
• we should be considerate to one another
• noise from motor vehicles should be regulated
• airport services should be restricted at night
Environmental protection also includes animal and plant protection, because the balance of species has been affected by human activities.
• some animals are protected (badgers, bats)
• others (owls) are bred in captivity for release in the wild
• the introduction of new species of animals (Colorado beetle, grey squirrel) should be controlled or prohibited, because their increase in number may easily slip out of control.
• the establishment of National Parks and nature reserves provides protection and also opportunities for outdoor recreation.
• Contaminated land sites are reclaimed and turned into parks
• Trees are protected and new one s are planted
• in Britain, green belts have been established arund major cities to provide some place for recreation
• we should be considerate to one another
• noise from motor vehicles should be regulated
• airport services should be restricted at night
Environmental protection also includes animal and plant protection, because the balance of species has been affected by human activities.
• some animals are protected (badgers, bats)
• others (owls) are bred in captivity for release in the wild
• the introduction of new species of animals (Colorado beetle, grey squirrel) should be controlled or prohibited, because their increase in number may easily slip out of control.
• the establishment of National Parks and nature reserves provides protection and also opportunities for outdoor recreation.
• Contaminated land sites are reclaimed and turned into parks
• Trees are protected and new one s are planted
• in Britain, green belts have been established arund major cities to provide some place for recreation
Noise
Noise poses a considerable problem. It results in stress, lack of concentration, defective hearing or sleeplessness. To avoid it,
• we should be considerate to one another
• noise from motor vehicles should be regulated
• airport services should be restricted at night
Environmental protection also includes animal and plant protection, because the balance of species has been affected by human activities.
• some animals are protected (badgers, bats)
• others (owls) are bred in captivity for release in the wild
• the introduction of new species of animals (Colorado beetle, grey squirrel) should be controlled or prohibited, because their increase in number may easily slip out of control.
• the establishment of National Parks and nature reserves provides protection and also opportunities for outdoor recreation.
• Contaminated land sites are reclaimed and turned into parks
• Trees are protected and new one s are planted
• in Britain, green belts have been established arund major cities to provide some place for recreation
• we should be considerate to one another
• noise from motor vehicles should be regulated
• airport services should be restricted at night
Environmental protection also includes animal and plant protection, because the balance of species has been affected by human activities.
• some animals are protected (badgers, bats)
• others (owls) are bred in captivity for release in the wild
• the introduction of new species of animals (Colorado beetle, grey squirrel) should be controlled or prohibited, because their increase in number may easily slip out of control.
• the establishment of National Parks and nature reserves provides protection and also opportunities for outdoor recreation.
• Contaminated land sites are reclaimed and turned into parks
• Trees are protected and new one s are planted
• in Britain, green belts have been established arund major cities to provide some place for recreation
Soil
Soil can become contamined as a result of industrial waste. Much domestic rubbish is disposed of in landfills. Waste disposal should should be controlled and maintained properly. Waste can be reduced in a few ways:
• before the waste is landfilled, it can be shredded or compressed in order to reduce its volume
• landfill can be avoided by
• re-using
• recycling
• energy recovery
A great deal of industrial waste has been reclaimed. Not only bottle bins or containers, but also can,
plastic and paper containers should be installed where the public can deposit used glass, cans, plastic
and waste paper for recycling.
• domestic rubbish should be sorted out, too. Kitchen garbage and garden waste of organic origin should be composted and turned into fertilizer
• Organic waste in landfills can be re-used in the form of biogas which comes from natural decay
• People shouldn't litter and the law should be stricter to those who break the rule.
Land can be also contaminated by radioactive substances. More than 80% of radiation the public is exposed to comes from natural sources. Only about a thousandthcomes from the disposal or discharge of radioactive waste.
• Strict controlls should be placed over the storage, use and disposal of radioactive substances
• Spent nuclear fuel should be stored in concrete blocks for at least 50 years to allow the heat and radioactivity to decay.
• People should be aware of naturally occurng radon gas.
• before the waste is landfilled, it can be shredded or compressed in order to reduce its volume
• landfill can be avoided by
• re-using
• recycling
• energy recovery
A great deal of industrial waste has been reclaimed. Not only bottle bins or containers, but also can,
plastic and paper containers should be installed where the public can deposit used glass, cans, plastic
and waste paper for recycling.
• domestic rubbish should be sorted out, too. Kitchen garbage and garden waste of organic origin should be composted and turned into fertilizer
• Organic waste in landfills can be re-used in the form of biogas which comes from natural decay
• People shouldn't litter and the law should be stricter to those who break the rule.
Land can be also contaminated by radioactive substances. More than 80% of radiation the public is exposed to comes from natural sources. Only about a thousandthcomes from the disposal or discharge of radioactive waste.
• Strict controlls should be placed over the storage, use and disposal of radioactive substances
• Spent nuclear fuel should be stored in concrete blocks for at least 50 years to allow the heat and radioactivity to decay.
• People should be aware of naturally occurng radon gas.
Water pollution
Water pollution results from harmful industrial processes and households, from pesticides, fertilizers and other chemicals used in agriculture, from waste disposal sites, substandard sewage treatment plants and also from ships, oil wells and rigs. Also concentrations of heavy metals, such as mercury, cadmium, lead, or copper are increasing.
If we want to have claener waterways, some measures must be taken.
• discharges to watershould be controlled
• the number of sewage treatment plants should be increased
• we should find new technologies which would
• save water
• reduce the amount of chemicals
• develop environmentally friendly pesticides
• pollution occuring from waste silage effluent or slurry, leaking and enterng watercourses, should be minimized or stopped. To prevent nitrate from leaching into water, farmers can grow "green cover" crops in the autumn to take up residual nitrogen.
• oil discharges and dumping of land-generated waste should be controlled
• chemical spills from ships at sea must be dealt with by chemical dispersants spread onto it from specially equiped aircrafts.
Soil
If we want to have claener waterways, some measures must be taken.
• discharges to watershould be controlled
• the number of sewage treatment plants should be increased
• we should find new technologies which would
• save water
• reduce the amount of chemicals
• develop environmentally friendly pesticides
• pollution occuring from waste silage effluent or slurry, leaking and enterng watercourses, should be minimized or stopped. To prevent nitrate from leaching into water, farmers can grow "green cover" crops in the autumn to take up residual nitrogen.
• oil discharges and dumping of land-generated waste should be controlled
• chemical spills from ships at sea must be dealt with by chemical dispersants spread onto it from specially equiped aircrafts.
Soil
Smoke from coal fires also causes smog
Smoke from coal fires also causes smog. It's a considerable problem esp. in big cities.
Problem of air pollution should be solved. People should reduce carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and industrial plants. They can reach it by:
• using alternative sources of energy, such as solar (esp.for domestic heating), water, wind, geothermal or tidal energy, or energy coming from methane from landfill waste sites.
• burn smokeless fuels
• energy efficiency in generation of power
• switching from coal to gas fired plants
• using waste heat more efficiently
We should also reduce polution caused by road traffic.
• It's possible to switch freight from roads to railways
• Public transportation should be supported
• People should be encouraged to drive at speed limit in order to use fuel more efficiently
• New cars should be fitted with three-way catalytic converters in their exhaust system. They turn dangerous gases (nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide) into carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapour.
• Content of lead in petrol should be reduced
• People should be encouraged to use unleaded petrol. developed countries use tax relief to favour the use of it
• In order to lower the amount of carbon dioxide, tree planting should be encouraged because they absorb it.
The way how to lower the amount of sulphur dioxide is
• switching from coal to gas for power generation
• greater use of low-sulphur coal
• installation of flue gas desulphurisation plants at power stations
Problem of air pollution should be solved. People should reduce carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and industrial plants. They can reach it by:
• using alternative sources of energy, such as solar (esp.for domestic heating), water, wind, geothermal or tidal energy, or energy coming from methane from landfill waste sites.
• burn smokeless fuels
• energy efficiency in generation of power
• switching from coal to gas fired plants
• using waste heat more efficiently
We should also reduce polution caused by road traffic.
• It's possible to switch freight from roads to railways
• Public transportation should be supported
• People should be encouraged to drive at speed limit in order to use fuel more efficiently
• New cars should be fitted with three-way catalytic converters in their exhaust system. They turn dangerous gases (nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide) into carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapour.
• Content of lead in petrol should be reduced
• People should be encouraged to use unleaded petrol. developed countries use tax relief to favour the use of it
• In order to lower the amount of carbon dioxide, tree planting should be encouraged because they absorb it.
The way how to lower the amount of sulphur dioxide is
• switching from coal to gas for power generation
• greater use of low-sulphur coal
• installation of flue gas desulphurisation plants at power stations
Smoke from coal fires also causes smog
Smoke from coal fires also causes smog. It's a considerable problem esp. in big cities.
Problem of air pollution should be solved. People should reduce carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and industrial plants. They can reach it by:
• using alternative sources of energy, such as solar (esp.for domestic heating), water, wind, geothermal or tidal energy, or energy coming from methane from landfill waste sites.
• burn smokeless fuels
• energy efficiency in generation of power
• switching from coal to gas fired plants
• using waste heat more efficiently
We should also reduce polution caused by road traffic.
• It's possible to switch freight from roads to railways
• Public transportation should be supported
• People should be encouraged to drive at speed limit in order to use fuel more efficiently
• New cars should be fitted with three-way catalytic converters in their exhaust system. They turn dangerous gases (nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide) into carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapour.
• Content of lead in petrol should be reduced
• People should be encouraged to use unleaded petrol. developed countries use tax relief to favour the use of it
• In order to lower the amount of carbon dioxide, tree planting should be encouraged because they absorb it.
The way how to lower the amount of sulphur dioxide is
• switching from coal to gas for power generation
• greater use of low-sulphur coal
• installation of flue gas desulphurisation plants at power stations
Problem of air pollution should be solved. People should reduce carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and industrial plants. They can reach it by:
• using alternative sources of energy, such as solar (esp.for domestic heating), water, wind, geothermal or tidal energy, or energy coming from methane from landfill waste sites.
• burn smokeless fuels
• energy efficiency in generation of power
• switching from coal to gas fired plants
• using waste heat more efficiently
We should also reduce polution caused by road traffic.
• It's possible to switch freight from roads to railways
• Public transportation should be supported
• People should be encouraged to drive at speed limit in order to use fuel more efficiently
• New cars should be fitted with three-way catalytic converters in their exhaust system. They turn dangerous gases (nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide) into carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapour.
• Content of lead in petrol should be reduced
• People should be encouraged to use unleaded petrol. developed countries use tax relief to favour the use of it
• In order to lower the amount of carbon dioxide, tree planting should be encouraged because they absorb it.
The way how to lower the amount of sulphur dioxide is
• switching from coal to gas for power generation
• greater use of low-sulphur coal
• installation of flue gas desulphurisation plants at power stations
Environment
Civilization has brought many advantages to all people but it also pollutes and damages the environment in which we live. We must be aware of these problems and try to protect the environment against pollution. Pollution affects land, air, water, forests, animals, plants and even people.
Britain has serious environmental problems. In 1952, more than 4.000 people died in London as a result of smog. The government introduced new laws to stop smog from coal fires and factories. Another problem is smog from cars. In 1991, many people died because of pollution in London.
Part of the problem is "out of town shopping centers" because many people drive to these shopping centers. Britain also needs better and cheaper public transportation.
Many people try to reduce use of cars by cycling to work (some cities have special bicycle paths for them). Some people at least travel to work together in one car. People should call for improvement, take direct action.
In general, population is growing very fast and more factories and roads will be needed soon. But one day, natural resources will finish. There are three ways how to solve the problem:
• recycling rubbish
• reduce the amount of waste which is not biodegradable (= which won't disappear for hundreds of years)
• save natural resources which are not renewable (coal, gas, metals, minerals), and plant new trees because they grow slowly
Technology
• Technology has an important role to play in developing new means for reducing harmful emissions. For this purpose, end-of-pipe systems should be installed to clean up emissions.
• It can also help with developing new ways to recycle materials. Waste materials which were previously dumped can be converted into useful products.
• It can also help to make cleaner and less harmful products.
Britain has serious environmental problems. In 1952, more than 4.000 people died in London as a result of smog. The government introduced new laws to stop smog from coal fires and factories. Another problem is smog from cars. In 1991, many people died because of pollution in London.
Part of the problem is "out of town shopping centers" because many people drive to these shopping centers. Britain also needs better and cheaper public transportation.
Many people try to reduce use of cars by cycling to work (some cities have special bicycle paths for them). Some people at least travel to work together in one car. People should call for improvement, take direct action.
In general, population is growing very fast and more factories and roads will be needed soon. But one day, natural resources will finish. There are three ways how to solve the problem:
• recycling rubbish
• reduce the amount of waste which is not biodegradable (= which won't disappear for hundreds of years)
• save natural resources which are not renewable (coal, gas, metals, minerals), and plant new trees because they grow slowly
Technology
• Technology has an important role to play in developing new means for reducing harmful emissions. For this purpose, end-of-pipe systems should be installed to clean up emissions.
• It can also help with developing new ways to recycle materials. Waste materials which were previously dumped can be converted into useful products.
• It can also help to make cleaner and less harmful products.
Air pollution
Air pollution is the biggest problem in larde cities and industrial areas. Emissions such as smoke, dust, smells and car and lorry exhausts may cause huge problems.
Trees are vitally important for our life because they are lungs of our planet. They absorb carbon dioxide from the air and gives out oxygen in return. But they are threatened both by pollution and by people.
• Smoke from power plants contains sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide which are produced by coal-fired power plants and industrial plants burning fossil fuels. Substances such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide mix with water vapour in the atmosphere and form sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Sunlight turns them into poisonous oxidants and they fall onto trees in the form of acid rain or snow and these trees are gradually killed by them.
• In some parts of the Earth, esp.in Asia and South America, trees are not threatened by pollution but by people. The great rain forests are being destroyed for firewood and for building material. The Amazon rain covers the area as large as the whole of Europe, contains about one third of the world's trees and provides about 50% of the world's annual production of oxygen. If we lose tropical forests, it will be difficult or even impossible to breathe. If there's more carbon dioxide in the air, the temperature will rise and it will cause melting of the ice-caps at the North and South Poles. As a result, the sea level will rise and many coastal areas (including big cities) will be flooded.
Another problem is greenhouse effect. Actually, there could be no life on Earth without it because the Earth is warmed up naturally by the atmosphere which also traps solar radiation. But emissions such as
• carbon dioxide (produced by burning fossil fuels),
• nitrogen oxides (from car exhausts),
• CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons from aerosol and refrigerators),
• methane ( a byproduct of agriculture from rice, cattle and sheep),
• vater vapour
prevent the heat from escaping. The result is the rise in the Earth's temperature, the melting of arctic ice and flooding of areas situated near sea level.
Another pollutant is ozone. But there're two kinds of ozone:
• ozone at lower atmospheric levels can contribute to greenhouse effect, especially in summer. It's produced by reaction of sunlight on car fumes. It can cause
• health problems (asthma attacs),
• corosion of certain materials,
• stunted growth of plants which results in lower yields of some crops.
• the layer in the upper atmosphere protects life against ultraviolet rays which cause skin cancer. But there's a hole in it, especially over Antarctica, caused in part by CFCs.
Trees are vitally important for our life because they are lungs of our planet. They absorb carbon dioxide from the air and gives out oxygen in return. But they are threatened both by pollution and by people.
• Smoke from power plants contains sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide which are produced by coal-fired power plants and industrial plants burning fossil fuels. Substances such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide mix with water vapour in the atmosphere and form sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Sunlight turns them into poisonous oxidants and they fall onto trees in the form of acid rain or snow and these trees are gradually killed by them.
• In some parts of the Earth, esp.in Asia and South America, trees are not threatened by pollution but by people. The great rain forests are being destroyed for firewood and for building material. The Amazon rain covers the area as large as the whole of Europe, contains about one third of the world's trees and provides about 50% of the world's annual production of oxygen. If we lose tropical forests, it will be difficult or even impossible to breathe. If there's more carbon dioxide in the air, the temperature will rise and it will cause melting of the ice-caps at the North and South Poles. As a result, the sea level will rise and many coastal areas (including big cities) will be flooded.
Another problem is greenhouse effect. Actually, there could be no life on Earth without it because the Earth is warmed up naturally by the atmosphere which also traps solar radiation. But emissions such as
• carbon dioxide (produced by burning fossil fuels),
• nitrogen oxides (from car exhausts),
• CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons from aerosol and refrigerators),
• methane ( a byproduct of agriculture from rice, cattle and sheep),
• vater vapour
prevent the heat from escaping. The result is the rise in the Earth's temperature, the melting of arctic ice and flooding of areas situated near sea level.
Another pollutant is ozone. But there're two kinds of ozone:
• ozone at lower atmospheric levels can contribute to greenhouse effect, especially in summer. It's produced by reaction of sunlight on car fumes. It can cause
• health problems (asthma attacs),
• corosion of certain materials,
• stunted growth of plants which results in lower yields of some crops.
• the layer in the upper atmosphere protects life against ultraviolet rays which cause skin cancer. But there's a hole in it, especially over Antarctica, caused in part by CFCs.
Air pollution
Air pollution is the biggest problem in larde cities and industrial areas. Emissions such as smoke, dust, smells and car and lorry exhausts may cause huge problems.
Trees are vitally important for our life because they are lungs of our planet. They absorb carbon dioxide from the air and gives out oxygen in return. But they are threatened both by pollution and by people.
• Smoke from power plants contains sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide which are produced by coal-fired power plants and industrial plants burning fossil fuels. Substances such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide mix with water vapour in the atmosphere and form sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Sunlight turns them into poisonous oxidants and they fall onto trees in the form of acid rain or snow and these trees are gradually killed by them.
• In some parts of the Earth, esp.in Asia and South America, trees are not threatened by pollution but by people. The great rain forests are being destroyed for firewood and for building material. The Amazon rain covers the area as large as the whole of Europe, contains about one third of the world's trees and provides about 50% of the world's annual production of oxygen. If we lose tropical forests, it will be difficult or even impossible to breathe. If there's more carbon dioxide in the air, the temperature will rise and it will cause melting of the ice-caps at the North and South Poles. As a result, the sea level will rise and many coastal areas (including big cities) will be flooded.
Another problem is greenhouse effect. Actually, there could be no life on Earth without it because the Earth is warmed up naturally by the atmosphere which also traps solar radiation. But emissions such as
• carbon dioxide (produced by burning fossil fuels),
• nitrogen oxides (from car exhausts),
• CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons from aerosol and refrigerators),
• methane ( a byproduct of agriculture from rice, cattle and sheep),
• vater vapour
prevent the heat from escaping. The result is the rise in the Earth's temperature, the melting of arctic ice and flooding of areas situated near sea level.
Another pollutant is ozone. But there're two kinds of ozone:
• ozone at lower atmospheric levels can contribute to greenhouse effect, especially in summer. It's produced by reaction of sunlight on car fumes. It can cause
• health problems (asthma attacs),
• corosion of certain materials,
• stunted growth of plants which results in lower yields of some crops.
• the layer in the upper atmosphere protects life against ultraviolet rays which cause skin cancer. But there's a hole in it, especially over Antarctica, caused in part by CFCs.
Trees are vitally important for our life because they are lungs of our planet. They absorb carbon dioxide from the air and gives out oxygen in return. But they are threatened both by pollution and by people.
• Smoke from power plants contains sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide which are produced by coal-fired power plants and industrial plants burning fossil fuels. Substances such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide mix with water vapour in the atmosphere and form sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Sunlight turns them into poisonous oxidants and they fall onto trees in the form of acid rain or snow and these trees are gradually killed by them.
• In some parts of the Earth, esp.in Asia and South America, trees are not threatened by pollution but by people. The great rain forests are being destroyed for firewood and for building material. The Amazon rain covers the area as large as the whole of Europe, contains about one third of the world's trees and provides about 50% of the world's annual production of oxygen. If we lose tropical forests, it will be difficult or even impossible to breathe. If there's more carbon dioxide in the air, the temperature will rise and it will cause melting of the ice-caps at the North and South Poles. As a result, the sea level will rise and many coastal areas (including big cities) will be flooded.
Another problem is greenhouse effect. Actually, there could be no life on Earth without it because the Earth is warmed up naturally by the atmosphere which also traps solar radiation. But emissions such as
• carbon dioxide (produced by burning fossil fuels),
• nitrogen oxides (from car exhausts),
• CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons from aerosol and refrigerators),
• methane ( a byproduct of agriculture from rice, cattle and sheep),
• vater vapour
prevent the heat from escaping. The result is the rise in the Earth's temperature, the melting of arctic ice and flooding of areas situated near sea level.
Another pollutant is ozone. But there're two kinds of ozone:
• ozone at lower atmospheric levels can contribute to greenhouse effect, especially in summer. It's produced by reaction of sunlight on car fumes. It can cause
• health problems (asthma attacs),
• corosion of certain materials,
• stunted growth of plants which results in lower yields of some crops.
• the layer in the upper atmosphere protects life against ultraviolet rays which cause skin cancer. But there's a hole in it, especially over Antarctica, caused in part by CFCs.
Environment
Civilization has brought many advantages to all people but it also pollutes and damages the environment in which we live. We must be aware of these problems and try to protect the environment against pollution. Pollution affects land, air, water, forests, animals, plants and even people.
Britain has serious environmental problems. In 1952, more than 4.000 people died in London as a result of smog. The government introduced new laws to stop smog from coal fires and factories. Another problem is smog from cars. In 1991, many people died because of pollution in London.
Part of the problem is "out of town shopping centers" because many people drive to these shopping centers. Britain also needs better and cheaper public transportation.
Many people try to reduce use of cars by cycling to work (some cities have special bicycle paths for them). Some people at least travel to work together in one car. People should call for improvement, take direct action.
In general, population is growing very fast and more factories and roads will be needed soon. But one day, natural resources will finish. There are three ways how to solve the problem:
• recycling rubbish
• reduce the amount of waste which is not biodegradable (= which won't disappear for hundreds of years)
• save natural resources which are not renewable (coal, gas, metals, minerals), and plant new trees because they grow slowly
Technology
• Technology has an important role to play in developing new means for reducing harmful emissions. For this purpose, end-of-pipe systems should be installed to clean up emissions.
• It can also help with developing new ways to recycle materials. Waste materials which were previously dumped can be converted into useful products.
• It can also help to make cleaner and less harmful products.
Britain has serious environmental problems. In 1952, more than 4.000 people died in London as a result of smog. The government introduced new laws to stop smog from coal fires and factories. Another problem is smog from cars. In 1991, many people died because of pollution in London.
Part of the problem is "out of town shopping centers" because many people drive to these shopping centers. Britain also needs better and cheaper public transportation.
Many people try to reduce use of cars by cycling to work (some cities have special bicycle paths for them). Some people at least travel to work together in one car. People should call for improvement, take direct action.
In general, population is growing very fast and more factories and roads will be needed soon. But one day, natural resources will finish. There are three ways how to solve the problem:
• recycling rubbish
• reduce the amount of waste which is not biodegradable (= which won't disappear for hundreds of years)
• save natural resources which are not renewable (coal, gas, metals, minerals), and plant new trees because they grow slowly
Technology
• Technology has an important role to play in developing new means for reducing harmful emissions. For this purpose, end-of-pipe systems should be installed to clean up emissions.
• It can also help with developing new ways to recycle materials. Waste materials which were previously dumped can be converted into useful products.
• It can also help to make cleaner and less harmful products.
Teenagers
tips. Boys usually deliver newspapers, mow the lawn or wash cars in the car wash.
All teenagers have a car , they get it from parents in the age of 15 or 16 (Fe in Texas is age of 11 or 12). Children must pay for insurance and gas which can be really expensive
Dating
Boys and girls usually start officially dating around their 16th birthday, because they are old enough to drive. First date can be going to bowling or to the movie. Movie theatres are very popular in USA. It is outside the city in a large grassy area with a big screen. People stay in the car or take sundeck chairs (=skládací sedačky)
Common kind of dating is Dutch treat = each person pay for itself.
If you don't want to go on the date alone (just one pair), you can invite your best friend and her partner and make double date
In USA is very easy to get contraception (=antikoncepce) without recipe and most Americans have sex before 16.
When you are really in like with each other and have decided not do date anyone else, you are going steady .In colleges there is a custom to change between each other pins (=špendlíky) from your fraternity or sorority. It means they get pinned
Engagement
Man propose (požádat o ruku) a girl. Engagement is usually 18 months before the marriage. The couple becomes fiancé (=snoubenec) and fiancée (snoubenka). They celebrate this event in small family circle with parents of both. Both parents announce the engagement in local newspapers, They get there the CV (Curriculum vitae) of fiancés and also write the exact date of wedding
In Church can be only 2 weddings in the day (one at the morning and another in afternoon. You must book the church 18 months in advance. Then it begins large preparations for the wedding….
Wedding
You can have your "big day" anywhere you want and you can be married by anyone you want.
The most traditional (and most typical too) wedding takes place in church = church wedding. You are married by the priest or the vicar. But if you don't want to have your wedding in a church, you can choose :
Rose garden - it's very popular, the ceremony takes place under the gate of roses
On Shakespeare festivals - they wear renaissance costumes.
Civil marriage - is takes place in civil offices or anywhere else. You can be leader of the ceremony (like priest in church wedding) if you fill in the register. This person is responsible for registering the wedding in register office. The wedding is not official if it isn't registered.
Wedding dress
Many women make their own dress. Most women never think of renting a wedding gown (=pronajmout svatební šaty) , but you can buy or borrow it. The wedding gown is usually white and made of silk and lace. The bride has a veil (=závoj) on the face.
The men wear black trousers which are pin-stripe (the stripes are grey ), black tail coat (jacket with 2tails = frak) and waist coat (=vest) under it or tuxedo (=smoking, long jacket without tails) and top hat.
The groom and his bestman(=svědek) are dressed similar
The bride has several bride's maid (=družičky). They wear the same gown as a bride (or in same colour)
There are held 2 parties one week before wedding. For groom and his friends (men) is there a stag night (=pánská jízda) and for bride and her friends is there a hen night. They all celebrate the end of the freedom and drink a lot
Wedding ceremony
When the couple is leaving the church , people used to throw rice.
Procession
The best man makes the first toast (=přípitek) and has a speech. Then speak fathers.
It is tradition for bride to wear something old( usually some jewellery from grandma) , something new (wedding gown), something borrowed and something blue (=garter = podvazek)
There are some traditions and wedding customs which are kept :
Throwing of the grater - at first the bride sits down and the groom lifts up her skirt and it plays seductive (=svádivá) music. The groom takes off the grater. Then the bride turns over and throws the garter. If the man catches the grater, it means than he will get married soon.
Throwing the bouquet - the women are eager (=horlivý) to catch it. They make the next couple
Cutting cake - all quests participate it. The cake has usually 3 layers (=tiers)
New couple is called new livest. Friends tie cans on the string attacked to the exhaust pipe of the car. The new livest leave immediately for their honeymoon
Quickly wedding
In Las Vegas or Reno in Nevada you need for wedding just one piece of ID (identification), birth certificate and 40 dollars . NO blood test and medical test as on regular wedding. In wedding chapel you can rent a gown, tuxedo and lend bouquet and you may buy the rings there.
You can also get married in your car. You drive in wedding chapel.
All teenagers have a car , they get it from parents in the age of 15 or 16 (Fe in Texas is age of 11 or 12). Children must pay for insurance and gas which can be really expensive
Dating
Boys and girls usually start officially dating around their 16th birthday, because they are old enough to drive. First date can be going to bowling or to the movie. Movie theatres are very popular in USA. It is outside the city in a large grassy area with a big screen. People stay in the car or take sundeck chairs (=skládací sedačky)
Common kind of dating is Dutch treat = each person pay for itself.
If you don't want to go on the date alone (just one pair), you can invite your best friend and her partner and make double date
In USA is very easy to get contraception (=antikoncepce) without recipe and most Americans have sex before 16.
When you are really in like with each other and have decided not do date anyone else, you are going steady .In colleges there is a custom to change between each other pins (=špendlíky) from your fraternity or sorority. It means they get pinned
Engagement
Man propose (požádat o ruku) a girl. Engagement is usually 18 months before the marriage. The couple becomes fiancé (=snoubenec) and fiancée (snoubenka). They celebrate this event in small family circle with parents of both. Both parents announce the engagement in local newspapers, They get there the CV (Curriculum vitae) of fiancés and also write the exact date of wedding
In Church can be only 2 weddings in the day (one at the morning and another in afternoon. You must book the church 18 months in advance. Then it begins large preparations for the wedding….
Wedding
You can have your "big day" anywhere you want and you can be married by anyone you want.
The most traditional (and most typical too) wedding takes place in church = church wedding. You are married by the priest or the vicar. But if you don't want to have your wedding in a church, you can choose :
Rose garden - it's very popular, the ceremony takes place under the gate of roses
On Shakespeare festivals - they wear renaissance costumes.
Civil marriage - is takes place in civil offices or anywhere else. You can be leader of the ceremony (like priest in church wedding) if you fill in the register. This person is responsible for registering the wedding in register office. The wedding is not official if it isn't registered.
Wedding dress
Many women make their own dress. Most women never think of renting a wedding gown (=pronajmout svatební šaty) , but you can buy or borrow it. The wedding gown is usually white and made of silk and lace. The bride has a veil (=závoj) on the face.
The men wear black trousers which are pin-stripe (the stripes are grey ), black tail coat (jacket with 2tails = frak) and waist coat (=vest) under it or tuxedo (=smoking, long jacket without tails) and top hat.
The groom and his bestman(=svědek) are dressed similar
The bride has several bride's maid (=družičky). They wear the same gown as a bride (or in same colour)
There are held 2 parties one week before wedding. For groom and his friends (men) is there a stag night (=pánská jízda) and for bride and her friends is there a hen night. They all celebrate the end of the freedom and drink a lot
Wedding ceremony
When the couple is leaving the church , people used to throw rice.
Procession
The best man makes the first toast (=přípitek) and has a speech. Then speak fathers.
It is tradition for bride to wear something old( usually some jewellery from grandma) , something new (wedding gown), something borrowed and something blue (=garter = podvazek)
There are some traditions and wedding customs which are kept :
Throwing of the grater - at first the bride sits down and the groom lifts up her skirt and it plays seductive (=svádivá) music. The groom takes off the grater. Then the bride turns over and throws the garter. If the man catches the grater, it means than he will get married soon.
Throwing the bouquet - the women are eager (=horlivý) to catch it. They make the next couple
Cutting cake - all quests participate it. The cake has usually 3 layers (=tiers)
New couple is called new livest. Friends tie cans on the string attacked to the exhaust pipe of the car. The new livest leave immediately for their honeymoon
Quickly wedding
In Las Vegas or Reno in Nevada you need for wedding just one piece of ID (identification), birth certificate and 40 dollars . NO blood test and medical test as on regular wedding. In wedding chapel you can rent a gown, tuxedo and lend bouquet and you may buy the rings there.
You can also get married in your car. You drive in wedding chapel.
Divorce
Divorce
It usually takes 2 years. They compare money of both and the richer pays alimony to the poorer. About 55% of couples are divorced.
In some states you must receive a special permission and you must undergo marriage counselling. You must explain your reasons why you want divorce, There are many various reasons :
Your partner is querulous (=naříkavý??)
Quarrelsome (=hádavý) and pick up the fights
Fall out with your in-laws (=nevycházet s tchánem/tchýní)
Person has extra marital relation
It is most common that children switch (=change) the parents. Child could has also faster parents (=pěstouni)
Death
Americans sometimes try to ignore the death. They don't want to see the graves. Nobody takes care of graves. These are very simple - usually just a cross with the name or meadow with flowers
There is some Irish custom which Americans keep. It is a displaying the deceased (=zesnulý) in living room in open coffin. Friends go to see him and to say funny stories about him. It is called a wake
Funeral takes place in funeral parlour (=pohřební síň). They prefer funeral than cremation
It usually takes 2 years. They compare money of both and the richer pays alimony to the poorer. About 55% of couples are divorced.
In some states you must receive a special permission and you must undergo marriage counselling. You must explain your reasons why you want divorce, There are many various reasons :
Your partner is querulous (=naříkavý??)
Quarrelsome (=hádavý) and pick up the fights
Fall out with your in-laws (=nevycházet s tchánem/tchýní)
Person has extra marital relation
It is most common that children switch (=change) the parents. Child could has also faster parents (=pěstouni)
Death
Americans sometimes try to ignore the death. They don't want to see the graves. Nobody takes care of graves. These are very simple - usually just a cross with the name or meadow with flowers
There is some Irish custom which Americans keep. It is a displaying the deceased (=zesnulý) in living room in open coffin. Friends go to see him and to say funny stories about him. It is called a wake
Funeral takes place in funeral parlour (=pohřební síň). They prefer funeral than cremation
Divorce
Divorce
It usually takes 2 years. They compare money of both and the richer pays alimony to the poorer. About 55% of couples are divorced.
In some states you must receive a special permission and you must undergo marriage counselling. You must explain your reasons why you want divorce, There are many various reasons :
Your partner is querulous (=naříkavý??)
Quarrelsome (=hádavý) and pick up the fights
Fall out with your in-laws (=nevycházet s tchánem/tchýní)
Person has extra marital relation
It is most common that children switch (=change) the parents. Child could has also faster parents (=pěstouni)
Death
Americans sometimes try to ignore the death. They don't want to see the graves. Nobody takes care of graves. These are very simple - usually just a cross with the name or meadow with flowers
There is some Irish custom which Americans keep. It is a displaying the deceased (=zesnulý) in living room in open coffin. Friends go to see him and to say funny stories about him. It is called a wake
Funeral takes place in funeral parlour (=pohřební síň). They prefer funeral than cremation
It usually takes 2 years. They compare money of both and the richer pays alimony to the poorer. About 55% of couples are divorced.
In some states you must receive a special permission and you must undergo marriage counselling. You must explain your reasons why you want divorce, There are many various reasons :
Your partner is querulous (=naříkavý??)
Quarrelsome (=hádavý) and pick up the fights
Fall out with your in-laws (=nevycházet s tchánem/tchýní)
Person has extra marital relation
It is most common that children switch (=change) the parents. Child could has also faster parents (=pěstouni)
Death
Americans sometimes try to ignore the death. They don't want to see the graves. Nobody takes care of graves. These are very simple - usually just a cross with the name or meadow with flowers
There is some Irish custom which Americans keep. It is a displaying the deceased (=zesnulý) in living room in open coffin. Friends go to see him and to say funny stories about him. It is called a wake
Funeral takes place in funeral parlour (=pohřební síň). They prefer funeral than cremation
Teenagers
tips. Boys usually deliver newspapers, mow the lawn or wash cars in the car wash.
All teenagers have a car , they get it from parents in the age of 15 or 16 (Fe in Texas is age of 11 or 12). Children must pay for insurance and gas which can be really expensive
Dating
Boys and girls usually start officially dating around their 16th birthday, because they are old enough to drive. First date can be going to bowling or to the movie. Movie theatres are very popular in USA. It is outside the city in a large grassy area with a big screen. People stay in the car or take sundeck chairs (=skládací sedačky)
Common kind of dating is Dutch treat = each person pay for itself.
If you don't want to go on the date alone (just one pair), you can invite your best friend and her partner and make double date
In USA is very easy to get contraception (=antikoncepce) without recipe and most Americans have sex before 16.
When you are really in like with each other and have decided not do date anyone else, you are going steady .In colleges there is a custom to change between each other pins (=špendlíky) from your fraternity or sorority. It means they get pinned
Engagement
Man propose (požádat o ruku) a girl. Engagement is usually 18 months before the marriage. The couple becomes fiancé (=snoubenec) and fiancée (snoubenka). They celebrate this event in small family circle with parents of both. Both parents announce the engagement in local newspapers, They get there the CV (Curriculum vitae) of fiancés and also write the exact date of wedding
In Church can be only 2 weddings in the day (one at the morning and another in afternoon. You must book the church 18 months in advance. Then it begins large preparations for the wedding….
Wedding
You can have your "big day" anywhere you want and you can be married by anyone you want.
The most traditional (and most typical too) wedding takes place in church = church wedding. You are married by the priest or the vicar. But if you don't want to have your wedding in a church, you can choose :
Rose garden - it's very popular, the ceremony takes place under the gate of roses
On Shakespeare festivals - they wear renaissance costumes.
Civil marriage - is takes place in civil offices or anywhere else. You can be leader of the ceremony (like priest in church wedding) if you fill in the register. This person is responsible for registering the wedding in register office. The wedding is not official if it isn't registered.
Wedding dress
Many women make their own dress. Most women never think of renting a wedding gown (=pronajmout svatební šaty) , but you can buy or borrow it. The wedding gown is usually white and made of silk and lace. The bride has a veil (=závoj) on the face.
The men wear black trousers which are pin-stripe (the stripes are grey ), black tail coat (jacket with 2tails = frak) and waist coat (=vest) under it or tuxedo (=smoking, long jacket without tails) and top hat.
The groom and his bestman(=svědek) are dressed similar
The bride has several bride's maid (=družičky). They wear the same gown as a bride (or in same colour)
There are held 2 parties one week before wedding. For groom and his friends (men) is there a stag night (=pánská jízda) and for bride and her friends is there a hen night. They all celebrate the end of the freedom and drink a lot
Wedding ceremony
When the couple is leaving the church , people used to throw rice.
Procession
The best man makes the first toast (=přípitek) and has a speech. Then speak fathers.
It is tradition for bride to wear something old( usually some jewellery from grandma) , something new (wedding gown), something borrowed and something blue (=garter = podvazek)
There are some traditions and wedding customs which are kept :
Throwing of the grater - at first the bride sits down and the groom lifts up her skirt and it plays seductive (=svádivá) music. The groom takes off the grater. Then the bride turns over and throws the garter. If the man catches the grater, it means than he will get married soon.
Throwing the bouquet - the women are eager (=horlivý) to catch it. They make the next couple
Cutting cake - all quests participate it. The cake has usually 3 layers (=tiers)
New couple is called new livest. Friends tie cans on the string attacked to the exhaust pipe of the car. The new livest leave immediately for their honeymoon
Quickly wedding
In Las Vegas or Reno in Nevada you need for wedding just one piece of ID (identification), birth certificate and 40 dollars . NO blood test and medical test as on regular wedding. In wedding chapel you can rent a gown, tuxedo and lend bouquet and you may buy the rings there.
You can also get married in your car. You drive in wedding chapel.
All teenagers have a car , they get it from parents in the age of 15 or 16 (Fe in Texas is age of 11 or 12). Children must pay for insurance and gas which can be really expensive
Dating
Boys and girls usually start officially dating around their 16th birthday, because they are old enough to drive. First date can be going to bowling or to the movie. Movie theatres are very popular in USA. It is outside the city in a large grassy area with a big screen. People stay in the car or take sundeck chairs (=skládací sedačky)
Common kind of dating is Dutch treat = each person pay for itself.
If you don't want to go on the date alone (just one pair), you can invite your best friend and her partner and make double date
In USA is very easy to get contraception (=antikoncepce) without recipe and most Americans have sex before 16.
When you are really in like with each other and have decided not do date anyone else, you are going steady .In colleges there is a custom to change between each other pins (=špendlíky) from your fraternity or sorority. It means they get pinned
Engagement
Man propose (požádat o ruku) a girl. Engagement is usually 18 months before the marriage. The couple becomes fiancé (=snoubenec) and fiancée (snoubenka). They celebrate this event in small family circle with parents of both. Both parents announce the engagement in local newspapers, They get there the CV (Curriculum vitae) of fiancés and also write the exact date of wedding
In Church can be only 2 weddings in the day (one at the morning and another in afternoon. You must book the church 18 months in advance. Then it begins large preparations for the wedding….
Wedding
You can have your "big day" anywhere you want and you can be married by anyone you want.
The most traditional (and most typical too) wedding takes place in church = church wedding. You are married by the priest or the vicar. But if you don't want to have your wedding in a church, you can choose :
Rose garden - it's very popular, the ceremony takes place under the gate of roses
On Shakespeare festivals - they wear renaissance costumes.
Civil marriage - is takes place in civil offices or anywhere else. You can be leader of the ceremony (like priest in church wedding) if you fill in the register. This person is responsible for registering the wedding in register office. The wedding is not official if it isn't registered.
Wedding dress
Many women make their own dress. Most women never think of renting a wedding gown (=pronajmout svatební šaty) , but you can buy or borrow it. The wedding gown is usually white and made of silk and lace. The bride has a veil (=závoj) on the face.
The men wear black trousers which are pin-stripe (the stripes are grey ), black tail coat (jacket with 2tails = frak) and waist coat (=vest) under it or tuxedo (=smoking, long jacket without tails) and top hat.
The groom and his bestman(=svědek) are dressed similar
The bride has several bride's maid (=družičky). They wear the same gown as a bride (or in same colour)
There are held 2 parties one week before wedding. For groom and his friends (men) is there a stag night (=pánská jízda) and for bride and her friends is there a hen night. They all celebrate the end of the freedom and drink a lot
Wedding ceremony
When the couple is leaving the church , people used to throw rice.
Procession
The best man makes the first toast (=přípitek) and has a speech. Then speak fathers.
It is tradition for bride to wear something old( usually some jewellery from grandma) , something new (wedding gown), something borrowed and something blue (=garter = podvazek)
There are some traditions and wedding customs which are kept :
Throwing of the grater - at first the bride sits down and the groom lifts up her skirt and it plays seductive (=svádivá) music. The groom takes off the grater. Then the bride turns over and throws the garter. If the man catches the grater, it means than he will get married soon.
Throwing the bouquet - the women are eager (=horlivý) to catch it. They make the next couple
Cutting cake - all quests participate it. The cake has usually 3 layers (=tiers)
New couple is called new livest. Friends tie cans on the string attacked to the exhaust pipe of the car. The new livest leave immediately for their honeymoon
Quickly wedding
In Las Vegas or Reno in Nevada you need for wedding just one piece of ID (identification), birth certificate and 40 dollars . NO blood test and medical test as on regular wedding. In wedding chapel you can rent a gown, tuxedo and lend bouquet and you may buy the rings there.
You can also get married in your car. You drive in wedding chapel.
Great Britain,Pubs
The British love sweet things, they eat them as a snack. Usually at teatime, it should be at 5 - it starts with sandwiches and ends with desserts.
A typical dessert is a pie. A pie looks differently in Am than in GB. As for the British one, pastry case is not only at the bottom but also on top. In the middle there's filling.
-savoury pies - spiced but not too much
Shepherd's pie (shepherd takes care of sheep) is made of mutton, it's very strong in taste and smell.
-sweet pies - most common fillings are pumpkin, apple...
Sandwiches are originally British but they are eaten all over the world. 2 slices of bread, in the middle there's filling - cucumber, tuna fish - the most favourite. History - Earl of Sandwich was a famous gambler. During a long game he ate sandwiches filled with smoked meat. People started immitating him.
Pubs
The name comes from "public houses". Pub has 2 sections - a bar and a restaurant section. Children under 18 cannot enter the bar section and shouldn't enter a pub without a guidance. Pubs close early, before closing they shout "last order" (you may buy the last drink).
British food
The British are very bad cooks. Meals are overcooked, bland, tasteless. They do not use spices and they even save salt.
Traditional meals:
Yorkshire pudding - eaten with roastbeef. It's combination of flour, milk and eggs baked in the oven. They eat it for Sunday lunch.
Wales - lamb with mint sauce.
Scotland - haggis
Ireland - salmon, usually baked.
British cuisine has changed a lot because of ethnic groups. The british discovered that mutton and lamb are not the most delicious meat so they started visiting ethnic restaurants and now they even make it at home.
Indian restaurant
famous indian dish is curry - meat mixed with many spices (esp.curry), extremely spicy, eaten together with indian bread - it's made in form of pancake (in tortilla x thick).
Asian restaurants - compared to Am., variety of food is limited.
Food in pubs
Pubgrub - food you eat with beer - pickles (kysele okurky), onions, bread, cheese.
You can buy:
==lager - european kind of beer - fair in colour, kind of sweet, not strong
==bitter - bitter in taste, dark in color, not strong
Fastfood (br.=takeaway) - originally there were no seats.
The most typical fastfood dish is fish and chips, with salt and vinegar. You can get it either unwrapped = on a piece of paper, or wrapped - into a piece of paper. There was a tradition to wrap it in newspaper but hot fish and chips dissolved ink so it was unhealthy. Now, greese proof paper is used.
Waiter/waitress - brings food, puts alarm clock on your table
Host/hostess - a person who wait behind the door, asks how big your company is (so that he or she can find a table for you), and smoking/non-smoking section.
A typical dessert is a pie. A pie looks differently in Am than in GB. As for the British one, pastry case is not only at the bottom but also on top. In the middle there's filling.
-savoury pies - spiced but not too much
Shepherd's pie (shepherd takes care of sheep) is made of mutton, it's very strong in taste and smell.
-sweet pies - most common fillings are pumpkin, apple...
Sandwiches are originally British but they are eaten all over the world. 2 slices of bread, in the middle there's filling - cucumber, tuna fish - the most favourite. History - Earl of Sandwich was a famous gambler. During a long game he ate sandwiches filled with smoked meat. People started immitating him.
Pubs
The name comes from "public houses". Pub has 2 sections - a bar and a restaurant section. Children under 18 cannot enter the bar section and shouldn't enter a pub without a guidance. Pubs close early, before closing they shout "last order" (you may buy the last drink).
British food
The British are very bad cooks. Meals are overcooked, bland, tasteless. They do not use spices and they even save salt.
Traditional meals:
Yorkshire pudding - eaten with roastbeef. It's combination of flour, milk and eggs baked in the oven. They eat it for Sunday lunch.
Wales - lamb with mint sauce.
Scotland - haggis
Ireland - salmon, usually baked.
British cuisine has changed a lot because of ethnic groups. The british discovered that mutton and lamb are not the most delicious meat so they started visiting ethnic restaurants and now they even make it at home.
Indian restaurant
famous indian dish is curry - meat mixed with many spices (esp.curry), extremely spicy, eaten together with indian bread - it's made in form of pancake (in tortilla x thick).
Asian restaurants - compared to Am., variety of food is limited.
Food in pubs
Pubgrub - food you eat with beer - pickles (kysele okurky), onions, bread, cheese.
You can buy:
==lager - european kind of beer - fair in colour, kind of sweet, not strong
==bitter - bitter in taste, dark in color, not strong
Fastfood (br.=takeaway) - originally there were no seats.
The most typical fastfood dish is fish and chips, with salt and vinegar. You can get it either unwrapped = on a piece of paper, or wrapped - into a piece of paper. There was a tradition to wrap it in newspaper but hot fish and chips dissolved ink so it was unhealthy. Now, greese proof paper is used.
Waiter/waitress - brings food, puts alarm clock on your table
Host/hostess - a person who wait behind the door, asks how big your company is (so that he or she can find a table for you), and smoking/non-smoking section.
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